Contact Info
Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf
Electrode
Citations 5
"Chiral Analysis Of Amino Acids Using Composite Bienzyme Biosensors"
Proc. Electrochem. Soc.
2001 Volume 18, Issue 1 Pages 187-195
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Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. 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Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001 18(1) 187-195', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Ch', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2007-03-19 10:48:19', 'hits' => '3', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 21:59:06', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Shah, M.H.', 'address' => 'Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy The University of Georgia. Athens, GA, 30602', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1080/00032718308077152', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', Anal. Lett., 1983 16(15) 1149-1163', 'firstchar' => 'L', 'twochars' => 'Li', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 3 => array( 'id' => '009968', 'authors' => 'Diego, E.;Agui, L.;Gonzalez Cortes, A.;Yanez Sedeno, P.;Pingarron, J.M.;Kauffmann, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'Emilia Diego, Lourdes Agüi, Araceli González-Cortés, Paloma Yánez-Sedeno, José M. Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '6', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 14:12:23', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', Electroanalysis, 1998 10(1) 33-38', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Cr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'id' => '011839', 'authors' => 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.', 'authorsweb' => 'NA', 'title' => 'Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', 'journal' => 'Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao', 'journal_id' => '0739', 'fadid' => 'CJCU1997V0018P00535', 'year' => '1997', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '4', 'startpage' => '535', 'endpage' => '537', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => '', 'matrices' => ';0586;', 'techniques' => ';0080;0121;0512;', 'keywords' => ';0043;0110;', 'abstract' => 'In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References', 'language' => 'Chinese', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'No', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '0', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-24 19:37:52', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Xu, H.D.', 'address' => 'JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM/CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA/', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849', 'urltype' => 'pdfurl', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997 18(4) 535-537', 'firstchar' => 'D', 'twochars' => 'De', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $c = array( 'id' => '003355', 'authors' => 'Dominguez, R.;Serra, B.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'R. Dominguez, B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, and J.M. Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. 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Abstract:
The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]
Amino Acids
Detector
"Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) Electrodes As Electrochemical Detectors In Flowing Systems"
Anal. Chim. Acta
1995 Volume 314, Issue 1-2 Pages 13-22
Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. 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Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '002849', 'citation_id' => '006222', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Matrix' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'i' => (int) 1 ) $data = array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '003355', 'authors' => 'Dominguez, R.;Serra, B.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'R. Dominguez, B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, and J.M. Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001 18(1) 187-195', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Ch', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2007-03-19 10:48:19', 'hits' => '3', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 21:59:06', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Shah, M.H.', 'address' => 'Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy The University of Georgia. Athens, GA, 30602', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1080/00032718308077152', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', Anal. Lett., 1983 16(15) 1149-1163', 'firstchar' => 'L', 'twochars' => 'Li', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 3 => array( 'id' => '009968', 'authors' => 'Diego, E.;Agui, L.;Gonzalez Cortes, A.;Yanez Sedeno, P.;Pingarron, J.M.;Kauffmann, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'Emilia Diego, Lourdes Agüi, Araceli González-Cortés, Paloma Yánez-Sedeno, José M. Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '6', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 14:12:23', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', Electroanalysis, 1998 10(1) 33-38', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Cr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'id' => '011839', 'authors' => 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.', 'authorsweb' => 'NA', 'title' => 'Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', 'journal' => 'Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao', 'journal_id' => '0739', 'fadid' => 'CJCU1997V0018P00535', 'year' => '1997', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '4', 'startpage' => '535', 'endpage' => '537', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => '', 'matrices' => ';0586;', 'techniques' => ';0080;0121;0512;', 'keywords' => ';0043;0110;', 'abstract' => 'In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References', 'language' => 'Chinese', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'No', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '0', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-24 19:37:52', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Xu, H.D.', 'address' => 'JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM/CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA/', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849', 'urltype' => 'pdfurl', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997 18(4) 535-537', 'firstchar' => 'D', 'twochars' => 'De', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $c = array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '002849', 'citation_id' => '006222', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '00841', 'name' => 'Disulfiram', 'iupac_name' => 'diethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-diethylcarbamodithioate', 'casrn' => '97-77-8', 'synonyms' => 'disulfiram, Tetraethylthiuram disulfide, Antabuse, 97-77-8, Alcophobin, Antabus, Anticol, Esperal, Teturam, Bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide, Dicupral, TETD, Ethyldithiurame, Abstensil, Abstinil, Abstinyl, Antaethyl, Antalcol, Antietanol, Antietil, Antivitium, Contralin, Cronetal, Exhorran, Krotenal, Tetradine, Tetraetil, Teturamin, Antadix, Antetan, Antetil, Antikol, Aversan, Averzan, Etabus, Refusal, Hoca, Ethyl Thiurad, Ethyl tuads, Ethyl Thiram, Ethyl Tuex, Antaenyl, Antaetil, Antiaethan, Contrapot, Disulfan, Disulfuram, Ekagom TEDS, Ephorran, Stopetyl, Thiuranide, Anteyl, Bonibal, Disetil, Ekagom TETDS, Espenal, Nocbin, Tenurid, Tenutex, Tetidis, Tiuram, Ethyldithiourame, Noxal, Anti-ethyl, Alk-aubs, Thiuram E, Soxinol TET, Ekagom DTET, Accel TET, Sanceler TET-G, Stopaethyl, Thireranide, Antaethan, Antethyl, Exhoran, Tetradin, Tillram, Ro-sulfiram, Ethyl Thiudad, Tetraethylthiuram, TATD, Tuads, ethyl, Sanceler TET, Tetraethylthiuram disulphide, Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide, Anthethyl, Stopethyl, Accel TET-R, Usaf B-33, Tetraethylthiram disulfide, Nocceler TET, Nocceler TET-G, Dupon 4472, Antabuse (TN), Tetraethylthiuran disulfide, Disulphuram, Stopety, THIOCID, Ancazide ET, Akrochem TETD, Perkacit TETD, Dupont fungicide 4472, Ekaland TETD, Perkait TETD, Esperal [France], Hocakrotenalnci-C02959, Tetraethylthiram disulphide, Antivitium (Spain), Bis(diethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide, Ethyl Tuads Rodform, Disulfirame [DCIT], Noxal (VAN), Disulfide, bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl), Thiuram disulfide, tetraethyl-, Abstenisil, Antiethanol, Disulfirame, Disulfiramo, Disulfiramum, Gababentin, Disulfirm, Disulfram, Nocceler, Tetraethylthiuram sulfide, Bis(N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide, N,N,N',N'-Tetraethylthiuram disulfide, UNII-TR3MLJ1UAI, Antab use, Eta bus, Etyl Tuex, NCI-C02959, 1,1'-Dithiobis(N,N-diethylthioformamide), CHEMBL964, tet raethylthiuram, Robac TET, Ro-Sulfram-500 (USA), NSC-25953, CCRIS 582, Prestwick_182, ENT 27,340, NSC 190940, CHEBI:4659, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide, tetraethyl-, S1680_Selleck, TTD, TTS x, Abstensyl (Argentina), Refusal [Netherlands], HSDB 3317, Spectrum_001010, Bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulphide, NSC25953, AC1Q2YXI, Prestwick0_000097, Prestwick1_000097, Prestwick2_000097, Prestwick3_000097, Spectrum2_001176, Spectrum3_000405, Spectrum4_000228, Spectrum5_001590, EINECS 202-607-8, Lopac-T-1132, NSC 25953, SBB058706, Disulfiramum [INN-Latin], TTS, Tetraethylthiurium disulfide, UPCMLD-DP090, Disulfiramo [INN-Spanish], AC1L1F7H, Bis(N,N-diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulphide, CAS-97-77-8, N,N,N',N'-Tetraethylthiuram disulphide, Lopac0_001164, Bis((diethylamino)thioxomethyl)disulphide, Bis((diethylamino)thioxomethyl) disulfide, BSPBio_000054, BSPBio_001930, CPD000059171, KBioGR_000895, KBioSS_001490, diethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-diethylcarbamodithioate, 86720_ALDRICH, ARONIS24121, T1132_SIGMA, SPBio_001191, SPBio_001993, SPECTRUM1500262, AI3-27340, MLS000069818, MLS000758264, MLS001076475, BPBio1_000060, UPCMLD-DP090:001, 86720_FLUKA, KBio2_001490, KBio2_004058, KBio2_006626, KBio3_001150, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), tetraethyl-, AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N, C10H20N2S4, HMS1568C16, HMS1920I16, HMS2051M17, HMS2090C18, HMS2091O22, STL069539, ZINC01529266, AKOS000120201, DB00822, LS-2031, WLN: 2N2 & YUS & S 2, NCGC00016000-01, NCGC00016000-02, NCGC00016000-03, NCGC00016000-08, NCGC00016000-09, NCGC00016000-13, NCGC00094423-01, NCGC00094423-02, NCGC00094423-03, NCGC00094423-05, NCGC00094423-06, NCGC00094423-07, SAM001247028, SMR000059171, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide (((H2N)C(S))2S2), tetraethyl-, AB00051976, B0479, EU-0101164, Formamide, 1,1'-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthio-, DSSTox_CID_1322, C01692, D00131, S00294, T 1132, DSSTox_RID_76082, DSSTox_GSID_21322, Antabuse, Antabus, Disulfiram, N,N-diethyl[(diethylcarbamothioyl)disulfanyl]carbothioamide, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ((H2N)C(S))2S2, tetraethyl-, 1,1',1'',1'''-[dithiobis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethane, 1,1',1'',1'''-[disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethane, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetraethyl-, Bis[(diethylamino)thioxomethyl] disulfide, 11078-22-1, 155-01-1, 1,1'-Dithiobis[N,N-diethylthioformamide], Antabusereg, Antabuse;Antabus, Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide (((H2N)C(S))2S2), N,N,N',N'-tetraethyl-, CID3117, nchembio.559-comp2, TR3MLJ1UAI, TTS [Alcohol deterrent], 1,N-diethylthioformamide], tetraethyl thiuram disulfide, Tetraethyldithiuram disulfide, D004221, SCHEMBL27213, Disulfiram [INN:BAN:JAN], KSC491K6T, MLS001423963, ACMC-209s92, Disulfiram (JP16/USP/INN), GTPL7168, Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic Diamide, ((H2N)C(S))2S2, CTK3J1569, Bis(diethylthiocarbamyoyl)disulfide, Disulfiram [USP:INN:BAN:JAN], MolPort-001-792-519, bis-(diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulfide, HMS2095C16, HMS2230K06, HMS3263J09, HMS3371B21, HMS3393M17, Pharmakon1600-01500262, HY-B0240, bis-(diethyl-thiocarbamyl)-disulfide, Tox21_110280, Tox21_300403, Tox21_400072, ANW-40884, BDBM50058655, CCG-39549, DAP000012, DL-379, N,N',N'-Tetraethylthiuram disulfide, NSC756748, Tox21_110280_1, CS-2209, HS-0057, LP01164, MCULE-1443050857, NC00063, NSC-756748, RTR-030253, bis((diethylamino)thioxomethyl)disulfide, Disulfiram-Supplied by Selleck Chemicals, 1,1-Dithiobis(N,N-diethylthioformamide), NCGC00016000-04, NCGC00016000-05, NCGC00016000-06, NCGC00016000-07, NCGC00016000-10, NCGC00016000-11, NCGC00016000-12, NCGC00016000-14, NCGC00016000-15, NCGC00016000-18, NCGC00254447-01, AN-24463, CJ-05170, CJ-23871, KB-81054, N,N,N'',N''-tetraethylthiuram disulfide, R531, SC-75356, Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonothioic Diamide, Formamide,1'-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthio)-, 1,1''-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthioformamide), AB2000216, TR-030253, FT-0631502, FT-0667720, W0030, Formamide, 1,1'-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthio)-, DISULFIRAM (TETRAETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE), Z-0809, AB00051976-20, AB00051976-21, AB00051976-23, A845750, BRD-K32744045-001-05-6, I14-53917, 3B3-027162, 1-(diethylthiocarbamoyldisulfanyl)-N,N-diethyl-methanethioamide, (diethylamino){[(diethylamino)thioxomethyl]disulfanyl}methane-1-thione, 1,1'',1'''',1''''''-[disulfanediylbis(carbonothioylnitrilo)]tetraethane, 1,1',1'',1'''-{disulfanediylbis[(thioxomethylene)-nitrilo]}tetraethane, 1,1',1'',1'''-{disulfanediylbis[(thioxomethylene)nitrilo]}tetraethane, N,N-diethylcarbamodithioic acid [[diethylamino(sulfanylidene)methyl]thio] ester, InChI=1/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H', 'total' => '2', 'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H3', 'inchikey' => 'AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N', 'formula' => 'C10H20N2S4', 'oxstate' => 'Zero', 'url' => '', 'charge' => '0', 'class1' => '', 'class2' => '', 'class3' => '', 'class4' => '', 'class5' => '', 'isgroup' => 'no', 'checked' => 'no', 'citation_count' => '0', 'updated' => '2015-10-23 09:57:02', 'first' => 'D', 'nametotal' => 'Disulfiram**2', 'AnalytesCitation' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '02347', 'name' => 'Thiram', 'iupac_name' => 'dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate', 'casrn' => '137-26-8', 'synonyms' => 'Tetramethylthiuram disulfide; Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide; Thioperoxydicarbonic diamide ([(H2N)C(S)]2S2), tetramethyl-; Disulfide, bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl); Aapirol; Aatiram; Accel TMT; Accelerator T; Accelerator Thiuram; Aceto TETD; Arasan; Arasan 42S; Arasan 70; Arasan 70-S Red; Arasan 75; Arasan-M; Arasan-SF; Atiram; Bis(dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide; Cyuram DS; Ekagom TB; Falitiram; Fernasan; Fernasan A; Fernide; Formalsol; Hermal; Hermat TMT; Heryl; Hexathir; Kregasan; Mercuram; Methyl tuads; Methyl Thiram; Nobecutan; Normersan; Panoram 75; Polyram ultra; Pomarsol; Pomarsol forte; Pomasol; Puralin; Rezifilm; Royal TMTD; Sadoplon; Sadoplon 75; Spotrete; SQ 1489; Tersan; Tetramethylthiuram Bisulfide; Tetrasipton; Thillate; Thiosan; Thioscabin; Thiotox; Thiram B; Thiram 75; Thiram 80; Thirasan; Thiulin; Thiurad; Thiuram; Thiuram disulfide, tetramethyl-; Thiuram D; Thiuram M; Thiuramyl; Thylate; Tiuramyl; Trametan; Tridipam; Tripomol; Tuads; Tuex; Tulisan; Tutan; TMTD; TMTDS; TNTD; Vulcafor TMT; Vulcafor TMTD; Vulkacit thiuram; Vulkacit TH; VUagT-I-4; Zaprawa Nasienna T; Tetramethylthiuram disulphide; α,α\'-Dithiobis(dimethylthio)formamide; Arasan-sf-x; Bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide; Bis(dimethyl-thiocarbamoyl)-disulfid; Bis((dimethylamino)carbonothioyl) disulfide; Disolfuro di tetrametiltiourame; Disulfure de tetramethylthiourame; Fermide; Fernacol; Formamide, 1,1\'-dithiobis(N,N-dimethylthio-; Methylthiuram disulfide; N,N-Tetramethylthiuram disulfide; N,N,N\',N\'-Tetramethylthiuram disulfide; N,N\'-(Dithiodicarbonothioyl)bis(N-methylmethanamine); Nomersan; Teramethylthiuram disulfide; Tersan 75; Tersantetramethyldiurane sulfide; Tetramethyl-thiram disulfid; Tetramethylenethiuram disulfide; Tetramethylthiocarbamoyldisulphide; Tetramethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide; Tetramethylthioramdisulfide; Tetramethylthiuram; Tetramethylthiurane disulfide; Tetramethylthiurum disulfide; Tetrathiuram disulfide; Thiotex; Thiramad; Thirame; Thiulix; Thiuram M rubber accelerator; Tirampa; Tiuram; Tyradin; Vancida tm-95; Vulkacit mtic; Tolder; Therapol; Sulfonamide; White streptocide; ccelerant t; nles; rasan 50 red; rasan m; asultra; etox; Agrichem flowable; Agrichem flowable thiram; Akrochem TMTD; Akrosperse D-177; Ancazide ME; Aules; Chipco thiram 75; ENT-987; Fermide 850; Hortag thiram; Methyl tuads rodoform; Naftocit thiuram 16; Naftopast thiuram 16-P; Nomersam; NSC-1771; Perkacit TMTD; Pomarsal; Puralyn; Spotret 75 WDG; Spotrete-F; Spotrete WP 75; Tetramethlthiuram disulfide; Tetrapom; Thimer; Thioknock; Thiuram disulfide; Thiuramin; Tiuramil; Unicrop thianosan; Vancide TM; Vancide TM-95', 'total' => '2', 'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C6H12N2S4/c1-7(2)5(9)11-12-6(10)8(3)4/h1-4H3', 'inchikey' => 'KUAZQDVKQLNFPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N', 'formula' => ' C6H12N2S4', 'oxstate' => 'Zero', 'url' => '', 'charge' => '0', 'class1' => 'Organic compound', 'class2' => 'NA', 'class3' => 'NA', 'class4' => 'Molecule', 'class5' => '', 'isgroup' => '', 'checked' => 'yes', 'citation_count' => '0', 'updated' => '2015-12-11 16:39:45', 'first' => 'T', 'nametotal' => 'Thiram**2', 'AnalytesCitation' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'Matrix' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '1069', 'label' => 'Water', 'level1' => 'Water', 'level2' => 'drinking', 'level3' => '', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'total' => '359', 'url' => '', 'updated' => '2015-12-09 21:04:43', 'name' => 'Water, drinking', 'nametotal' => 'Water, drinking**359', 'first' => 'W', 'CitationsMatrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '0403', 'label' => 'Well ', 'level1' => 'Environmental', 'level2' => 'water', 'level3' => 'well', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'total' => '33', 'url' => '', 'updated' => '2015-12-08 19:41:10', 'name' => 'Environmental, water, well', 'nametotal' => 'Environmental, water, well**33', 'first' => 'E', 'CitationsMatrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '0349', 'type' => 'Manifold process', 'keyword' => 'Preconcentration', 'newKeyword' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'fao' => '', 'total' => '773', 'first' => 'P', 'keytotal' => 'Preconcentration**773', 'CitationsKeyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '0086', 'type' => 'Manifold component', 'keyword' => 'Column', 'newKeyword' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'fao' => '', 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Abstract:
Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).
Disulfiram
Thiram
Water
Well
Preconcentration
Column
"Liquid Chromatography Electrochemical Detector With Graphite - Teflon [PTFE] Electrode"
Anal. Lett.
1983 Volume 16, Issue 15 Pages 1149-1163
Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]M. H. Shah; I. L. HonigbergCode Context?><?phpif($uid!='') {$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'data' => array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 4 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'c' => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2007-03-19 10:48:19', 'hits' => '3', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 21:59:06', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Shah, M.H.', 'address' => 'Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy The University of Georgia. Athens, GA, 30602', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1080/00032718308077152', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', Anal. Lett., 1983 16(15) 1149-1163', 'firstchar' => 'L', 'twochars' => 'Li', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '007886', 'citation_id' => '009545', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Matrix' => array(), 'Keyword' => array() ), 'i' => (int) 2 ) $data = array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '003355', 'authors' => 'Dominguez, R.;Serra, B.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'R. Dominguez, B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, and J.M. Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001 18(1) 187-195', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Ch', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2007-03-19 10:48:19', 'hits' => '3', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 21:59:06', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Shah, M.H.', 'address' => 'Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy The University of Georgia. Athens, GA, 30602', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1080/00032718308077152', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', Anal. Lett., 1983 16(15) 1149-1163', 'firstchar' => 'L', 'twochars' => 'Li', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 3 => array( 'id' => '009968', 'authors' => 'Diego, E.;Agui, L.;Gonzalez Cortes, A.;Yanez Sedeno, P.;Pingarron, J.M.;Kauffmann, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'Emilia Diego, Lourdes Agüi, Araceli González-Cortés, Paloma Yánez-Sedeno, José M. Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. 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Abstract:
The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.
Phenols
"Critical Comparison Of Paraffin Carbon Paste And Graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) Composite Electrodes Concerning The Electroanalytical Behavior Of Various Antioxidants Of Different Hydrophobicity"
Electroanalysis
1998 Volume 10, Issue 1 Pages 33-38
Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]Emilia Diego, Lourdes Agüi, Araceli González-Cortés, Paloma Yánez-Sedeno, José M. 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Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. 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Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '6', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 14:12:23', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', Electroanalysis, 1998 10(1) 33-38', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Cr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '008732', 'citation_id' => '009968', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Matrix' => array(), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'i' => (int) 3 ) $data = array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '003355', 'authors' => 'Dominguez, R.;Serra, B.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'R. Dominguez, B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, and J.M. Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001 18(1) 187-195', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Ch', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. 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Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. 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The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. 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Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '6', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 14:12:23', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', Electroanalysis, 1998 10(1) 33-38', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Cr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '008732', 'citation_id' => '009968', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '01290', 'name' => 'Irganox 1076', 'iupac_name' => 'octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate', 'casrn' => '2082-79-3', 'synonyms' => '2082-79-3, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, Tominokusu SS, Ralox 530, octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, Naugard 76, Sumilizer BP 76, Ultranox 276, Antioxidant 1076, Irganox 1076, Irganox 1906, Irganox 1976, Irganox L 107, Irganox I 1076, ADK Stab AO 50, Anox PP 18, Mark AO 50, AO 4, IR 1076, Octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester, stearyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, E 376, U 276, HSDB 5865, I 1076, SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N, Stearyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, EINECS 218-216-0, Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester, ST50997267, 3,5-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid octadecyl ester, Octadecyl 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, Octadecyl 3,5-bis(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, Stearyl β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester, Octadecyl 3-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, Stearyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 109265-64-7, 80693-11-4, Lowinox PO35, Stearylβ- propionate, ACMC-1CNQ6, AC1L27UC, SCHEMBL18856, KSC201Q3P, BIDD:ER0412, UNII-V88J661G2P, 367079_ALDRICH, CTK1A1837, SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-, MolPort-002-152-012, V88J661G2P, C35H62O3, ANW-24247, AKOS015890027, MCULE-5671593140, RTR-009799, AC-15275, AK109194, AN-50356, KB-79657, LS-173848, TR-009799, D1644, FT-0655079, ST24031491, I01-5044, Octadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, n-octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, octadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamate, stearyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate, 3B3-033580, 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-[(2-octadecyloxycarbonyl)ethyl]phenol, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate, octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propanoate, Octadecyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate #, Octadecyl-3(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, n-octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl)-propionate, n-octadecyl β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, octadecyl 3-[3,5-bis(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoate, Stearyl β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 3-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid Stearyl Ester, n-octadecyl β-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, β-(3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid octadecyl ester, 119764-08-8, 156511-59-0, 69093-37-4, InChI=1/C35H62O3/c1-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-26-38-32(36)25-24-29-27-30(34(2,3)4)33(37)31(28-29)35(5,6)7/h27-28,37H,8-26H2,1-7H3', 'total' => '2', 'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C35H62O3/c1-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-26-38-32(36)25-24-29-27-30(34(2,3)4)33(37)31(28-29)35(5,6)7/h27-28,37H,8-26H2,1-7H3', 'inchikey' => 'SSDSCDGVMJFTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N', 'formula' => 'C35H62O3', 'oxstate' => 'Zero', 'url' => '', 'charge' => '0', 'class1' => '', 'class2' => '', 'class3' => '', 'class4' => '', 'class5' => '', 'isgroup' => 'no', 'checked' => 'no', 'citation_count' => '0', 'updated' => '2015-12-11 16:36:07', 'first' => 'I', 'nametotal' => 'Irganox 1076**2', 'AnalytesCitation' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '01289', 'name' => 'Irganox 1010', 'iupac_name' => '[3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate', 'casrn' => '6683-19-8', 'synonyms' => '6683-19-8, Tetraalkofen BPE, Irganox 1010, Phenosane 23, Dovernox 10, Fenozan 22, Fenozan 23, Naugard 10, Sumilizer BP 101, Irganox 1010FF, Irganox 1040, Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate), Anox 20AM, Ralox 630, ADK Stab AO 60, MARK AO 60, ANOX 20, Irganox 1010FP, AO 60, BP 101, 2,2-Bis(((3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl)oxy)methyl)propane-1,3-diyl bis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate), IR 1010, RA 1010, UNII-255PIF62MS, EINECS 229-722-6, STK367172, BRN 2035465, Neopentanetetrayl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, Tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoyloxymethyl)methane, Pentaerythritol, tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-, neopentanetetrayl ester, Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), Tetrakis(methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane, Pentaerythritol Tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], Tetrakis(3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)propionyloxymethyl)methane, Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-, tetraester with pentaerythritol, Tetrakis(((β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl)oxy)methyl)methane, 3-{[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy}-2,2-bis({[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy}methyl)propyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1'-[2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl] ester, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 2,2-bis((3-(3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl ester, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl]-1,3-propanediyl ester, phenosan-23, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 1,1'-(2,2-bis((3-(3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropoxy)methyl)-1,3-propanediyl) ester, Lowinox PP35, PubChem21791, DSSTox_CID_7633, Pentaerythritoltetrakis(3-, AC1L21ZT, DSSTox_RID_78534, DSSTox_GSID_27633, SCHEMBL30209, 255PIF62MS, 441783_ALDRICH, CHEMBL3187856, BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N, MolPort-002-320-352, Tox21_301970, AKOS005444166, C73H108O12, MCULE-4746373197, NCGC00255211-01, AC-15274, AK109198, AN-21255, BC208922, LS-31077, O457, CAS-6683-19-8, ST2403560, FT-0659922, P0932, ST50409208, I14-3336, Pentaerithritol tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate), Pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, Tetrakis [methylene (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)] methane, Tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate)methane], Tetrakis[methylene-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane, Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-, neopentanetetrayl ester (8CI), Hydrocinnamic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-, tetraester with pentaerythritol (7CI), Pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate], [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propanoate, [3-[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxy]-2,2-bis[3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyloxymethyl]propyl] 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate, 103843-13-6, 12634-41-2, 127337-64-8, 131611-06-8, 132503-83-4, 137500-49-3, 145526-73-4, 154508-64-2, 156511-60-3, 2,2-bis({3-[3,5-bis(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoyloxy}methyl)-3-{3-[3,5 -bis(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoyloxy}propyl 3-[3,5-bis(tert-butyl)-4- hydroxyphenyl]propanoate, 3-([3-(3,5-Ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy)-2,2-bis(([3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]oxy)methyl)propyl 3-(3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate #, 5106-16-1, 60005-82-5, 67894-72-8, 678997-54-1, 68882-58-6, 702667-02-5, 70695-00-0, 913283-07-5, 98584-37-3, Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, 2,2-bis[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) -4-hydroxyphenyl]-1-oxopropoxy]methyl ]-1,3-propanediyl ester', 'total' => '1', 'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C73H108O12/c1-65(2,3)49-33-45(34-50(61(49)78)66(4,5)6)25-29-57(74)82-41-73(42-83-58(75)30-26-46-35-51(67(7,8)9)62(79)52(36-46)68(10,11)12,43-84-59(76)31-27-47-37-53(69(13,14)15)63(80)54(38-47)70(16,17)18)44-85-60(77)32-28-48-39-55(71(19,20)21)64(81)56(40-48)72(22,23)24/h33-40,78-81H,25-32,41-44H2,1-24H3', 'inchikey' => 'BGYHLZZASRKEJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N', 'formula' => 'C73H108O12', 'oxstate' => 'Zero', 'url' => '', 'charge' => '0', 'class1' => '', 'class2' => '', 'class3' => '', 'class4' => '', 'class5' => '', 'isgroup' => 'no', 'checked' => 'no', 'citation_count' => '0', 'updated' => '2015-12-11 16:21:31', 'first' => 'I', 'nametotal' => 'Irganox 1010**1', 'AnalytesCitation' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '00711', 'name' => 'Cresol, 4-, 2-6-di-tert-butyl', 'iupac_name' => '', 'casrn' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'total' => '1', 'inchi' => '', 'inchikey' => '', 'formula' => '', 'oxstate' => null, 'url' => '', 'charge' => null, 'class1' => '', 'class2' => '', 'class3' => '', 'class4' => '', 'class5' => '', 'isgroup' => 'no', 'checked' => 'no', 'citation_count' => '0', 'updated' => '2015-12-11 09:53:17', 'first' => 'C', 'nametotal' => 'Cresol, 4-, 2-6-di-tert-butyl**1', 'AnalytesCitation' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'Matrix' => array(), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '0043', 'type' => 'Manifold component', 'keyword' => 'Apparatus', 'newKeyword' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'fao' => '', 'total' => '466', 'first' => 'A', 'keytotal' => 'Apparatus**466', 'CitationsKeyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $i = (int) 3 $path = '' $a = '' $url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W' $aus = 'Emilia Diego, Lourdes Ag&uuml;i, Araceli Gonz&aacute;lez-Cort&eacute;s, Paloma Y&aacute;nez-Sedeno, Jos&eacute; M. Pingarro&oacute;n, Jean-Michel Kauffmann'include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
Abstract:
The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.
Irganox 1076
Irganox 1010
Cresol, 4-, 2-6-di-tert-butyl
Apparatus
"Development And Application Of Graphite-teflon Composite Coating Electrode"
Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao
1997 Volume 18, Issue 4 Pages 535-537
Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.Code Context?><?phpif($uid!='') {$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp' $dataForView = array( 'data' => array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 2 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 3 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 4 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'c' => array( 'id' => '011839', 'authors' => 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.', 'authorsweb' => 'NA', 'title' => 'Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', 'journal' => 'Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao', 'journal_id' => '0739', 'fadid' => 'CJCU1997V0018P00535', 'year' => '1997', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '4', 'startpage' => '535', 'endpage' => '537', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => '', 'matrices' => ';0586;', 'techniques' => ';0080;0121;0512;', 'keywords' => ';0043;0110;', 'abstract' => 'In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References', 'language' => 'Chinese', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'No', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '0', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-24 19:37:52', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Xu, H.D.', 'address' => 'JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM/CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA/', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849', 'urltype' => 'pdfurl', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997 18(4) 535-537', 'firstchar' => 'D', 'twochars' => 'De', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '011728', 'citation_id' => '011839', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array(), 'Matrix' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( [maximum depth reached] ), (int) 1 => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'i' => (int) 4 ) $data = array( 'Technique' => array( 'id' => '0121', 'label' => 'Electrode', 'level1' => 'Electrode', 'level2' => 'graphite', 'level3' => 'Teflon embedded', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'champ' => '', 'total' => '5', 'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'name' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded', 'nametotal' => 'Electrode, graphite, Teflon embedded**5', 'first' => 'E' ), 'Citation' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '003355', 'authors' => 'Dominguez, R.;Serra, B.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'R. Dominguez, B. Serra, A.J. Reviejo, and J.M. Pingarron', 'title' => 'Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', 'journal' => 'Proc. Electrochem. Soc.', 'journal_id' => '0962', 'fadid' => 'PRES2001V0018P00187', 'year' => '2001', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '187', 'endpage' => '195', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0160;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0121;0092;', 'keywords' => ';0110;', 'abstract' => 'The construction and performance of composite graphite-Teflon electrodes, in which the enzymes L- or D-amino acid oxidase and peroxidase are coimmobilized, together with the mediator ferrocene, is described. This biosensor design allows a detection potential of 0.0 V to be applied. Optimization of experimental variables both in the batch and flow injection modes is reported. Composite bienzyme electrodes show a good stability, and reproducibility, and their analytical characteristics are suitable to estimate the amino acid content in real samples. [Conference Paper; 18 Refs]', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2006-08-06 11:02:14', 'hits' => '12', 'urlcheck' => '2006-08-06 11:02:17', 'urlcheckcode' => '', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'NA', 'urltype' => 'NA', 'gotpdf' => 'no', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Chiral analysis of amino acids using composite bienzyme biosensors', Proc. Electrochem. Soc., 2001 18(1) 187-195', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Ch', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '006222', 'authors' => 'Fernandez, C.;Reviejo, A.J.;Pingarron, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'C. Fernández, A. J. Reviejo and J. M. Pingarrón*', 'title' => 'Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', 'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta', 'journal_id' => '0584', 'fadid' => 'ANCA1995V0314P00013', 'year' => '1995', 'volume' => '314', 'issue' => '1-2', 'startpage' => '13', 'endpage' => '22', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';0841;2347;', 'matrices' => ';1069;0403;', 'techniques' => ';0001;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0349;0086;', 'abstract' => 'Graphite/PTFE composite electrodes (details given) were used as indicator electrodes for the flow injection amperometric detection of the herbicides, thiram (I) and disulfiram (II) at a potential of +1 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl in a carrier stream (1.9 ml/min) of 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and with an injection volume of 250 µL. Calibration graphs were linear up to 40 µM-I and -II and the detection limits were 0.043 and 0.02 µM, respectively. RSD (n = 10) were 7.7 and 5.7%, respectively, for 0.1 µM of I and II. Recoveries of 40 µg/l of I from spiked tap and well water were >97%. The adsorptive pre-concentration of the herbicides from flowing streams (2.7 ml/min) was carried out at 0.0 V. At the end of the pre-concentration period the phosphate buffer stream was passed for 30 s prior to the determination of the suface-bound herbicide by applying a linear sweep anodic potential ramp up to +1.2 V. Calibration graphs were linear from 0.4-1 and 0.2-1 µM-I and -II, respectively. The continuous-flow injection separation of I and II was carried out by inserting a 30-40 µm VYDAC SC-201 column (3 cm x 0.2 mm i.d.) into the FIA system and using acetonitrile/0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (1:3) as mobile phase (1.9 ml/min).', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '4', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 16:17:50', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1016/0003-2670(95)00259-3', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Graphite-poly(tetrafluoriethylene) electrodes as electrochemical detectors in flowing systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1995 314(1-2) 13-22', 'firstchar' => 'G', 'twochars' => 'Gr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 2 => array( 'id' => '009545', 'authors' => 'Shah, M.H.;Honigberg, I.L.', 'authorsweb' => 'M. H. Shah; I. L. Honigberg', 'title' => 'Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', 'journal' => 'Anal. Lett.', 'journal_id' => '0820', 'fadid' => 'ANLE1983V0016P01149', 'year' => '1983', 'volume' => '16', 'issue' => '15', 'startpage' => '1149', 'endpage' => '1163', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1809;', 'matrices' => 'NA', 'techniques' => ';0038;0121;', 'keywords' => 'Voltammetry; liquid chromatography; electrochemical detection; graphite-Teflon electrode; flow-cell; passivation', 'abstract' => 'The electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds separated by reversed-phase HPLC was evaluated with graphite - PTFE electrodes of various compositions (such electrodes were easily prepared and were inexpensive compared with vitreous-carbon electrodes). The construction of a flow cell for use in conjunction with graphite - PTFE electrodes is also described. Detection limits for phenolic compounds were 0.5 to 1 ng. Repeat injections yielded peak heights with coefficient of variation of <1%. Background currents, noise level, cell design, current vs. time graphs and electrode fouling were investigated and conditions were optimized.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '2007-03-19 10:48:19', 'hits' => '3', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 21:59:06', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Shah, M.H.', 'address' => 'Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy The University of Georgia. Athens, GA, 30602', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1080/00032718308077152', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Liquid chromatography electrochemical detector with graphite - Teflon [PTFE] electrode', Anal. Lett., 1983 16(15) 1149-1163', 'firstchar' => 'L', 'twochars' => 'Li', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array([maximum depth reached]) ), (int) 3 => array( 'id' => '009968', 'authors' => 'Diego, E.;Agui, L.;Gonzalez Cortes, A.;Yanez Sedeno, P.;Pingarron, J.M.;Kauffmann, J.M.', 'authorsweb' => 'Emilia Diego, Lourdes Agüi, Araceli González-Cortés, Paloma Yánez-Sedeno, José M. Pingarroón, Jean-Michel Kauffmann', 'title' => 'Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', 'journal' => 'Electroanalysis', 'journal_id' => '1003', 'fadid' => 'ELAN1998V0010P00033', 'year' => '1998', 'volume' => '10', 'issue' => '1', 'startpage' => '33', 'endpage' => '38', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => ';1290;1289;0711;', 'matrices' => '', 'techniques' => ';0009;0075;0121;', 'keywords' => ';0043;', 'abstract' => 'The voltammetric and flow injection amperometric behaviors of several substances used as antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries at carbon paste electrodes, with paraffin as binding agent, and at graphite-40% PTFE composite electrodes were compared on the basis of the different hydrophobicity of the antioxidants. Aqueous solutions, alcohol-water mixtures and oil-in-water-emulsions were used as working media. No voltammetric or flow injection responses were obtained for high hydrophobic antioxidants (BHT, Irganox-1076 and Irganox-1010) at graphite-PTFE electrodes. On the contrary, carbon paste electrodes allowed the attainment of analytically useful signals for these compounds. A pulse amperometric detection (PAD) scheme should be applied in these cases for the cleaning of the electrode surface. The use of graphite-PTFE electrodes seems to be advantageous for the less hydrophobic antioxidants such us propyl gallate and TBHQ. An adsorption process for PG and a faster electrode kinetic in the case of TBHQ were shown to occur by cyclic voltammetry at the PTFE composite electrode. Furthermore, this electrode allows the use of lower potentials for the amperometric detection of these compounds than the carbon paste electrode. Good reproducibility of the successive amperometric responses was also observed. The mutual influence of the electrode surface composition and the lipophilic characteristics of the molecules tested is discussed.', 'language' => 'English', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'Yes', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '6', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 14:12:23', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found', 'pauthor_id' => '00346', 'pauthor' => '!Pingarron, J.M.', 'address' => 'pau', 'email' => 'pau', 'notes' => null, 'url' => '10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199801)10:1<33::AID-ELAN33>3.0.CO;2-W', 'urltype' => 'doi', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Critical comparison of paraffin carbon paste and graphite-poly(tetrafluorethylene) composite electrodes concerning the electroanalytical behavior of various antioxidants of different hydrophobicity', Electroanalysis, 1998 10(1) 33-38', 'firstchar' => 'C', 'twochars' => 'Cr', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 4 => array( 'id' => '011839', 'authors' => 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.', 'authorsweb' => 'NA', 'title' => 'Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', 'journal' => 'Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao', 'journal_id' => '0739', 'fadid' => 'CJCU1997V0018P00535', 'year' => '1997', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '4', 'startpage' => '535', 'endpage' => '537', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => '', 'matrices' => ';0586;', 'techniques' => ';0080;0121;0512;', 'keywords' => ';0043;0110;', 'abstract' => 'In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References', 'language' => 'Chinese', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'No', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '0', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-24 19:37:52', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Xu, H.D.', 'address' => 'JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM/CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA/', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849', 'urltype' => 'pdfurl', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997 18(4) 535-537', 'firstchar' => 'D', 'twochars' => 'De', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]), 'Matrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ), 'Keyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $c = array( 'id' => '011839', 'authors' => 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.', 'authorsweb' => 'NA', 'title' => 'Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', 'journal' => 'Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao', 'journal_id' => '0739', 'fadid' => 'CJCU1997V0018P00535', 'year' => '1997', 'volume' => '18', 'issue' => '4', 'startpage' => '535', 'endpage' => '537', 'type' => 'Journal Article', 'analytes' => '', 'matrices' => ';0586;', 'techniques' => ';0080;0121;0512;', 'keywords' => ';0043;0110;', 'abstract' => 'In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References', 'language' => 'Chinese', 'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15', 'sjccheck' => 'No', 'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00', 'hits' => '0', 'urlcheck' => '2014-10-24 19:37:52', 'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK', 'pauthor_id' => null, 'pauthor' => 'Xu, H.D.', 'address' => 'JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM/CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA/', 'email' => 'NA', 'notes' => null, 'url' => 'www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849', 'urltype' => 'pdfurl', 'gotpdf' => 'yes', 'partial' => 'no', 'notanalyte' => '', 'citation' => ''Development and application of graphite-teflon composite coating electrode', Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao, 1997 18(4) 535-537', 'firstchar' => 'D', 'twochars' => 'De', 'CitationsTechnique' => array( 'id' => '011728', 'citation_id' => '011839', 'technique_id' => '0121' ), 'Analyte' => array(), 'Matrix' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '0586', 'label' => 'Industrial', 'level1' => 'Industrial', 'level2' => 'electroplating solution', 'level3' => '', 'level4' => '', 'level5' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'total' => '16', 'url' => '', 'updated' => '2015-12-09 21:04:43', 'name' => 'Industrial, electroplating solution', 'nametotal' => 'Industrial, electroplating solution**16', 'first' => 'I', 'CitationsMatrix' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ), 'Keyword' => array( (int) 0 => array( 'id' => '0043', 'type' => 'Manifold component', 'keyword' => 'Apparatus', 'newKeyword' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'fao' => '', 'total' => '466', 'first' => 'A', 'keytotal' => 'Apparatus**466', 'CitationsKeyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ), (int) 1 => array( 'id' => '0110', 'type' => 'Manifold component', 'keyword' => 'Detector', 'newKeyword' => '', 'synonyms' => '', 'fao' => '', 'total' => '354', 'first' => 'D', 'keytotal' => 'Detector**354', 'CitationsKeyword' => array( [maximum depth reached] ) ) ) ) $i = (int) 4 $path = '' $a = '' $url = 'http://www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=18849' $aus = 'Xu, H.D.;Luo, Y.J.;Zou, M.Z.'include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224 View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418 include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52 View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971 View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933 View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473 Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968 Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200 Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167 [main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109
Abstract:
In this paper, the procedure of preparation of graphite-Teflon composite electrode (GTE) by coating was investigated. The coating consisted of a solid mixture 2.5 g(graphite 45%, Teflon 45% and PVC 10%) mixed with a solvent(THF: DMF = 1:4 in volume) 0.8 mL. Copper wires(phi = 0.7 mm) were coated by the coating and heated at 200°C for 5 min, and the GTEs were finished. They could be modified and changed into other metallic Teflon composite electrode only by electroplating in correspondent plating bath, such as mercury- cobalt- or copper- Teflon composite electrode. They had been applied to flow injection analysis by techniques of electrochemistry successfully. 8 References
Industrial
Apparatus
Detector