"Voltammetric/amperometric Detection For Flow Injection Systems"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1986 Volume 188, Issue 1 Pages 263-267

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '004956',
		'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
		'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
		'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
		'journal_id' => '0584',
		'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
		'year' => '1986',
		'volume' => '188',
		'issue' => '1',
		'startpage' => '263',
		'endpage' => '267',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => ';1160;',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
		'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
		'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '4',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '00195',
		'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'yes',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
		'firstchar' => 'V',
		'twochars' => 'Vo',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '001240',
			'citation_id' => '004956',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 0
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '004956',
	'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
	'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
	'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
	'journal_id' => '0584',
	'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
	'year' => '1986',
	'volume' => '188',
	'issue' => '1',
	'startpage' => '263',
	'endpage' => '267',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => ';1160;',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
	'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
	'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '4',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '00195',
	'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'yes',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
	'firstchar' => 'V',
	'twochars' => 'Vo',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '001240',
		'citation_id' => '004956',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '01160',
			'name' => 'Hexacyanoferrate(III)',
			'iupac_name' => 'iron(3+);hexacyanide',
			'casrn' => '13408-62-3',
			'synonyms' => 'Ferricyanide, hexacyanoferrate III, Ferric hexacyanide, Hexacyanoferrate(III), hexacyanoferrate(3-), hexacyanoiron(3-), Hexazyanoferrat(III), hexacyanidoferrate(3-), hexacyanidoferrate(III), 13408-62-3, CHEBI:5020, CRWNKXHVYMVLCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N, [Fe(CN)6](3-), C00324',
			'total' => '5',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/6CN.Fe/c6*1-2;/q;;;;;;-3',
			'inchikey' => 'YAGKRVSRTSUGEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => 'C6FeN6-3',
			'oxstate' => null,
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '-3',
			'class1' => '',
			'class2' => '',
			'class3' => '',
			'class4' => '',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => 'no',
			'checked' => 'no',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-10-23 09:59:34',
			'first' => 'H',
			'nametotal' => 'Hexacyanoferrate(III)**5',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0167',
			'type' => 'Manifold component',
			'keyword' => 'Flowcell',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '156',
			'first' => 'F',
			'keytotal' => 'Flowcell**156',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '0398',
			'type' => 'Feature',
			'keyword' => 'Selectivity',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '126',
			'first' => 'S',
			'keytotal' => 'Selectivity**126',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '0464',
			'type' => 'Theory',
			'keyword' => 'Theory',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '328',
			'first' => 'T',
			'keytotal' => 'Theory**328',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 0
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X'
$aus = 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"Voltammetric-amperometric Dual-electrode Detection For Flow Injection Analysis And Liquid Chromatography"
Anal. Chem. 1987 Volume 59, Issue 5 Pages 761-766

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '008466',
		'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
		'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
		'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
		'journal_id' => '0499',
		'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
		'year' => '1987',
		'volume' => '59',
		'issue' => '5',
		'startpage' => '761',
		'endpage' => '766',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => '',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
		'keywords' => ';0110;',
		'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '2',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '00195',
		'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'yes',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
		'firstchar' => 'V',
		'twochars' => 'Vo',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '006154',
			'citation_id' => '008466',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 1
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '008466',
	'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
	'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
	'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
	'journal_id' => '0499',
	'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
	'year' => '1987',
	'volume' => '59',
	'issue' => '5',
	'startpage' => '761',
	'endpage' => '766',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => '',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
	'keywords' => ';0110;',
	'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '2',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '00195',
	'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'yes',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
	'firstchar' => 'V',
	'twochars' => 'Vo',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '006154',
		'citation_id' => '008466',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0110',
			'type' => 'Manifold component',
			'keyword' => 'Detector',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '354',
			'first' => 'D',
			'keytotal' => 'Detector**354',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 1
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00132a017'
$aus = 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"Speciation Of Iron(II) And Iron(III) Using A Dual Electrode Modified With Electrocatalytic Polymers"
Anal. Chem. 1992 Volume 64, Issue 5 Pages 572-575

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '008657',
		'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
		'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
		'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
		'journal_id' => '0499',
		'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
		'year' => '1992',
		'volume' => '64',
		'issue' => '5',
		'startpage' => '572',
		'endpage' => '575',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
		'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
		'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '4',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '01385',
		'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'yes',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
		'firstchar' => 'S',
		'twochars' => 'Sp',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '006477',
			'citation_id' => '008657',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 2
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '008657',
	'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
	'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
	'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
	'journal_id' => '0499',
	'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
	'year' => '1992',
	'volume' => '64',
	'issue' => '5',
	'startpage' => '572',
	'endpage' => '575',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
	'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
	'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '4',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '01385',
	'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'yes',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
	'firstchar' => 'S',
	'twochars' => 'Sp',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '006477',
		'citation_id' => '008657',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '01294',
			'name' => 'Iron(2+)',
			'iupac_name' => 'iron(2+)',
			'casrn' => '7439-89-6',
			'synonyms' => 'Fe +++; Fe +++ ion; Fe(III) ion; Fe(II) ion; Iron; iron +++; IRON, POWDER; Stainless steel; Steel',
			'total' => '116',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/Fe/q+2',
			'inchikey' => 'CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => 'Fe2+',
			'oxstate' => '+2',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '2',
			'class1' => 'Element',
			'class2' => 'Metal',
			'class3' => 'Transition metal',
			'class4' => 'Cation',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-10-24 10:53:48',
			'first' => 'I',
			'nametotal' => 'Iron(2+)**116',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '01297',
			'name' => 'Iron(III)',
			'iupac_name' => 'iron(3+)',
			'casrn' => '20074-52-6',
			'synonyms' => 'Fe +++; Fe +++ ion; Fe(III) ion; Fe(II) ion; Iron; iron +++; IRON, POWDER; Stainless steel; Steel',
			'total' => '100',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/Fe/q+3',
			'inchikey' => 'VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => 'Fe3+',
			'oxstate' => '+3',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '3',
			'class1' => 'Element',
			'class2' => 'Metal',
			'class3' => 'Transition metal',
			'class4' => 'Cation',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-10-23 21:29:53',
			'first' => 'I',
			'nametotal' => 'Iron(III)**100',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0436',
			'type' => 'Analysis Mode',
			'keyword' => 'Speciation',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '479',
			'first' => 'S',
			'keytotal' => 'Speciation**479',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '0130',
			'type' => 'Detection Mode',
			'keyword' => 'Dual detection',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '38',
			'first' => 'D',
			'keytotal' => 'Dual detection**38',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '0217',
			'type' => 'Chemical Process',
			'keyword' => 'Interferences',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '1972',
			'first' => 'I',
			'keytotal' => 'Interferences**1972',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 2
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00029a024'
$aus = 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"A Microfabricated Flow-through Cell With Parallel-opposed Electrodes For Recycling Amperometric Detection"
J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997 Volume 436, Issue 1-2 Pages 27-34

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '010308',
		'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
		'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
		'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
		'journal_id' => '0709',
		'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
		'year' => '1997',
		'volume' => '436',
		'issue' => '1-2',
		'startpage' => '27',
		'endpage' => '34',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => '',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
		'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
		'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '16',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '00713',
		'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'yes',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
		'firstchar' => 'A',
		'twochars' => 'A ',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '009444',
			'citation_id' => '010308',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 3
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '010308',
	'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
	'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
	'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
	'journal_id' => '0709',
	'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
	'year' => '1997',
	'volume' => '436',
	'issue' => '1-2',
	'startpage' => '27',
	'endpage' => '34',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => '',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
	'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
	'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '16',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '00713',
	'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'yes',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
	'firstchar' => 'A',
	'twochars' => 'A ',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '009444',
		'citation_id' => '010308',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0109',
			'type' => 'Detection limit',
			'keyword' => 'Detection limit',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '296',
			'first' => 'D',
			'keytotal' => 'Detection limit**296',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '0401',
			'type' => 'Feature',
			'keyword' => 'Sensitivity',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '190',
			'first' => 'S',
			'keytotal' => 'Sensitivity**190',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '0043',
			'type' => 'Manifold component',
			'keyword' => 'Apparatus',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '466',
			'first' => 'A',
			'keytotal' => 'Apparatus**466',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '0110',
			'type' => 'Manifold component',
			'keyword' => 'Detector',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '354',
			'first' => 'D',
			'keytotal' => 'Detector**354',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 3
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6'
$aus = 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"Cyclic Voltammetry Of S-sulfocysteine At A Gold Plus Mercury Amalgam Electrode And Application To Dual Electrode Electrochemical Detection"
J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997 Volume 435, Issue 1-2 Pages 39-46

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '010345',
		'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
		'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
		'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
		'journal_id' => '0709',
		'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
		'year' => '1997',
		'volume' => '435',
		'issue' => '1-2',
		'startpage' => '39',
		'endpage' => '46',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => ';0738;',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
		'keywords' => ';0302;',
		'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '6',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '00694',
		'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'yes',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
		'firstchar' => 'C',
		'twochars' => 'Cy',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '009546',
			'citation_id' => '010345',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 4
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '010345',
	'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
	'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
	'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
	'journal_id' => '0709',
	'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
	'year' => '1997',
	'volume' => '435',
	'issue' => '1-2',
	'startpage' => '39',
	'endpage' => '46',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => ';0738;',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
	'keywords' => ';0302;',
	'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '6',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '00694',
	'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'yes',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
	'firstchar' => 'C',
	'twochars' => 'Cy',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '009546',
		'citation_id' => '010345',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '00738',
			'name' => 'S-sulfocysteine',
			'iupac_name' => '(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfosulfanylpropanoic acid',
			'casrn' => 'NA',
			'synonyms' => 'S-cysteinesulfonic acid; S-Sulfocysteine; S-sulfo-L-cysteine; ',
			'total' => '1',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C3H7NO5S2/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10-11(7,8)9/h2H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1',
			'inchikey' => 'NOKPBJYHPHHWAN-REOHCLBHSA-N',
			'formula' => 'C3H7NO5S2',
			'oxstate' => 'Zero',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '0',
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-10-23 09:56:06',
			'first' => 'S',
			'nametotal' => 'S-sulfocysteine**1',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0302',
			'type' => 'Feature',
			'keyword' => 'Optimization',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '1069',
			'first' => 'O',
			'keytotal' => 'Optimization**1069',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 4
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3'
$aus = 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"Trace Analysis For Explosives And Related Compounds Via High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Photolysis - Electrochemical Detection"
J. Forensic Sci. 1984 Volume 29, Issue 2 Pages 449-463

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '013617',
		'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
		'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
		'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
		'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
		'journal_id' => '1255',
		'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
		'year' => '1984',
		'volume' => '29',
		'issue' => '2',
		'startpage' => '449',
		'endpage' => '463',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
		'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
		'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'No',
		'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
		'hits' => '10',
		'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
		'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
		'pauthor_id' => '01085',
		'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
		'address' => 'pau',
		'email' => 'pau',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
		'urltype' => 'doi',
		'gotpdf' => 'no',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
		'firstchar' => 'T',
		'twochars' => 'Tr',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '014107',
			'citation_id' => '013617',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 5
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '013617',
	'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
	'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
	'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
	'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
	'journal_id' => '1255',
	'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
	'year' => '1984',
	'volume' => '29',
	'issue' => '2',
	'startpage' => '449',
	'endpage' => '463',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
	'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
	'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'No',
	'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
	'hits' => '10',
	'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
	'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
	'pauthor_id' => '01085',
	'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
	'address' => 'pau',
	'email' => 'pau',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
	'urltype' => 'doi',
	'gotpdf' => 'no',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
	'firstchar' => 'T',
	'twochars' => 'Tr',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '014107',
		'citation_id' => '013617',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '00862',
			'name' => 'Drugs',
			'iupac_name' => '',
			'casrn' => 'NA',
			'synonyms' => 'NA',
			'total' => '103',
			'inchi' => '',
			'inchikey' => '',
			'formula' => '',
			'oxstate' => null,
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => null,
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => 'Drugs',
			'isgroup' => 'yes',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 09:54:00',
			'first' => 'D',
			'nametotal' => 'Drugs**103',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '01593',
			'name' => 'Nitro compounds',
			'iupac_name' => '',
			'casrn' => 'NA',
			'synonyms' => 'trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid).',
			'total' => '8',
			'inchi' => '',
			'inchikey' => '',
			'formula' => '-NO2',
			'oxstate' => null,
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => null,
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 09:53:17',
			'first' => 'N',
			'nametotal' => 'Nitro compounds**8',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '02381',
			'name' => '2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene',
			'iupac_name' => '2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene',
			'casrn' => '118-96-7',
			'synonyms' => 'Benzene, 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitro-; Toluene, 2,4,6-trinitro-; &alpha;-TNT; s-Trinitrotoluene; s-Trinitrotoluol; Tolite; Tritol; Trotyl; TNT; 2-Methyl-1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene; syn-Trinitrotoluene; sym-Trinitrotoluol; NCI-C56155; Entsufon; Tnt-tolite; Triton; Trojnitrotoluen; 2,4,6-Trinitrotolueen; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluol; Tolit; sym-Trinitrotoluene; Trotyl oil; UN 0209; UN 1356; 1-Methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene; 2,4,6-TNT',
			'total' => '2',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-6(9(13)14)2-5(8(11)12)3-7(4)10(15)16/h2-3H,1H3',
			'inchikey' => 'SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => ' C7H5N3O6',
			'oxstate' => 'Zero',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '0',
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 16:39:45',
			'first' => '2',
			'nametotal' => '2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene**2',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '00813',
			'name' => '2,4-Dinitrotoluene',
			'iupac_name' => '1-methyl-2,4-dinitrobenzene',
			'casrn' => '121-14-2',
			'synonyms' => 'Toluene, 2,4-dinitro-; 2,4-Dinitrotoluene; 2,4-DNT; 1-Methyl-2,4-Dinitrobenzene; 2,4-Dinitrotoluol; NCI-C01865; DNT; Dinitrotoluene; Rcra waste number U105; D.N.T; Dinitrotoluol',
			'total' => '1',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C7H6N2O4/c1-5-3-2-4-6(8(10)11)7(5)9(12)13/h2-4H,1H3',
			'inchikey' => 'RMBFBMJGBANMMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => 'C7H6N2O4',
			'oxstate' => 'Zero',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '0',
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-10-24 10:07:46',
			'first' => '2',
			'nametotal' => '2,4-Dinitrotoluene**1',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '00241',
			'name' => 'N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline',
			'iupac_name' => 'N-methyl-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)nitramide',
			'casrn' => '79-45-8',
			'synonyms' => 'Tetryl, Nitramine, Tetralite, Tetril, Picrylmethylnitramine, Picrylnitromethylamine, N-Methyl-N-picrylnitramine, N-Picryl-N-methylnitramine, 2,4,6-Tetryl, Nitramine (indicator), Tetralit, N-METHYL-N,2,4,6-TETRANITROANILINE, Nitramine (VAN), 2,4,6-(Trinitrophenyl)methylnitroamine, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitrobenzenamine, Benzenamine, N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitro-, NSC 2166, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 479-45-8, Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, CE (VAN), Aniline, N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitro-, (Trinitrophenyl)methylnitramine, CCRIS 3143, HSDB 2857, EINECS 207-531-9, UN0208, BRN 0964788, N-Methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitrobenzenamine, Tetryl 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine, 2,6-Tetryl, AC1L1UNQ, SCHEMBL57161, Aniline,2,4,6-tetranitro-, Ex223, Benzenamine,2,4,6-tetranitro-, CHEBI:28950, NSC2166, AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N, UNII-GJ18911991, WLN: WNN1&R BNW DNW ENW, NSC-2166, 2,6-(Trinitrophenyl)methylnitramine, 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitroamine, 2,6-(Trinitrophenyl)methylnitroamine, 2,6-Trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, 2,4,6,N-Tetranitro-N-methylaniline, Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine or tetryl, 2,4,6-(Trinitrophenyl)methylnitramine, MCULE-9274088341, UN 0208, N-methyl-N-nitro-2,4,6-trinitroaniline, (Trinitrophenyl)methylnitramine (Related), LS-19904, GJ18911991, LT00044458, N-methyl-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)nitramide, N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl), 4-16-00-00895 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 2-Methyl-1-oxo-2-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazine 1-oxide #, Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine or tetryl [UN0208] [Explosive 1.1D], Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine or tetryl [UN0208] [Explosive 1.1D]',
			'total' => '1',
			'inchi' => 'InChI=1S/C7H5N5O8/c1-8(12(19)20)7-5(10(15)16)2-4(9(13)14)3-6(7)11(17)18/h2-3H,1H3',
			'inchikey' => 'AGUIVNYEYSCPNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N',
			'formula' => 'C7H5N5O8',
			'oxstate' => 'Zero',
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => '0',
			'class1' => '',
			'class2' => '',
			'class3' => '',
			'class4' => '',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => 'no',
			'checked' => 'no',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 16:18:02',
			'first' => 'N',
			'nametotal' => 'N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline**1',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0323',
			'type' => 'Chemical Process',
			'keyword' => 'Photochemistry',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '129',
			'first' => 'P',
			'keytotal' => 'Photochemistry**129',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '0339',
			'type' => 'Manifold process',
			'keyword' => 'Post-column derivatization',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '646',
			'first' => 'P',
			'keytotal' => 'Post-column derivatization**646',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 5
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/JFS11693J'
$aus = 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109

"Electrochemical Detection In HPLC. Post-column, Online, Continuous Photolytic Derivatizations For Improved Detection In HPLC - Hu - EC"
LC-GC 1984 Volume 2, Issue 3 Pages 214-221

Notice (8): Undefined variable: uid [APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40]
Code Context
                ?>
                <?php
                if($uid!='') {
$viewFile = '/home/stuchalk/public_html/fad/app/View/Elements/citation.ctp'
$dataForView = array(
	'data' => array(
		'Technique' => array(
			'id' => '0091',
			'label' => 'Electrode',
			'level1' => 'Electrode',
			'level2' => 'dual detection',
			'level3' => '',
			'level4' => '',
			'level5' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'champ' => '',
			'total' => '7',
			'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
			'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
			'first' => 'E'
		),
		'Citation' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 3 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 4 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 5 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 6 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'c' => array(
		'id' => '013891',
		'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
		'authorsweb' => 'NA',
		'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
		'journal' => 'LC-GC',
		'journal_id' => '0487',
		'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
		'year' => '1984',
		'volume' => '2',
		'issue' => '3',
		'startpage' => '214',
		'endpage' => '221',
		'type' => 'Journal Article',
		'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
		'matrices' => '',
		'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
		'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
		'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
		'language' => 'English',
		'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
		'sjccheck' => 'No',
		'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'hits' => '0',
		'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
		'urlcheckcode' => '',
		'pauthor_id' => null,
		'pauthor' => 'NA',
		'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
		'email' => 'NA',
		'notes' => null,
		'url' => 'NA',
		'urltype' => 'NA',
		'gotpdf' => 'no',
		'partial' => 'no',
		'notanalyte' => '',
		'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
		'firstchar' => 'E',
		'twochars' => 'El',
		'CitationsTechnique' => array(
			'id' => '014493',
			'citation_id' => '013891',
			'technique_id' => '0091'
		),
		'Analyte' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		'Matrix' => array(),
		'Keyword' => array(
			(int) 0 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 1 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			(int) 2 => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'i' => (int) 6
)
$data = array(
	'Technique' => array(
		'id' => '0091',
		'label' => 'Electrode',
		'level1' => 'Electrode',
		'level2' => 'dual detection',
		'level3' => '',
		'level4' => '',
		'level5' => '',
		'synonyms' => '',
		'champ' => '',
		'total' => '7',
		'updated' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
		'name' => 'Electrode, dual detection',
		'nametotal' => 'Electrode, dual detection**7',
		'first' => 'E'
	),
	'Citation' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '004956',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Wong, S.W.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.;Chan, K.W.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Sy-wen Wong, Thomas H. Ridgway and William R. Heineman, Kenneth W. Chan',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chim. Acta',
			'journal_id' => '0584',
			'fadid' => 'ANCA1986V0188P00263',
			'year' => '1986',
			'volume' => '188',
			'issue' => '1',
			'startpage' => '263',
			'endpage' => '267',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1160;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0094;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0167;0398;0464;',
			'abstract' => 'A dual-electrode thin-layer flow cell is described for voltammetric/amperometric detection. The potential at the upstream electrode is scanned. The downstream electrode is kept at a constant potential and is used to monitor the redox reaction occurring at the upstream electrode without the charging current associated with scanning the potential. Selectivity is enhanced, relative to direct voltammetric detection at a single electrode, because only chemically reversible redox couples are detected. A preliminary evaluation with Fe(CN)63- and ascorbic acid is presented.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 15:51:19',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0003-2670(00)86050-X',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric/amperometric detection for flow injection systems', Anal. Chim. Acta, 1986 188(1) 263-267',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '008466',
			'authors' => 'Lunte, C.E.;Ridgway, T.H.;Heineman, W.R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Craig E. Lunte, Thomas H. Ridgway, and William R. Heineman',
			'title' => 'Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1987V0059P00761',
			'year' => '1987',
			'volume' => '59',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '761',
			'endpage' => '766',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0512;',
			'keywords' => ';0110;',
			'abstract' => 'The operation principles and characteristics are described of a flow-through series-configuration detector. There are two modes of operation for detection. In the collection mode, the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to detect the product of the redox reaction at the upstream electrode. Detection is achieved by scanning the potential at the upstream electrode and then monitoring current at the amperometric detector. In the shielding mode the downstream electrode is operated at a potential to determine the depletion of analyte in the solution due to reaction at the upstream electrode. Similar detection limits can be obtained in both modes (0.1 &micro;M-quinol), which are complementary.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '2',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:34:48',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00195',
			'pauthor' => '!Heineman, W.R.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00132a017',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Voltammetric-amperometric dual-electrode detection for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography', Anal. Chem., 1987 59(5) 761-766',
			'firstchar' => 'V',
			'twochars' => 'Vo',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '008657',
			'authors' => 'Doherty, A.P.;Forster, R.J.;Smyth, M.R.;Vos, J.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Andrew P. Doherty, Robert J. Forster, Malcolm R. Smyth, and Johannes G. Vos',
			'title' => 'Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers',
			'journal' => 'Anal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0499',
			'fadid' => 'ANCH1992V0064P00572',
			'year' => '1992',
			'volume' => '64',
			'issue' => '5',
			'startpage' => '572',
			'endpage' => '575',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1294;1297;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0001;0091;0127;0226;',
			'keywords' => ';0436;0130;0217;',
			'abstract' => 'An amperometric sensor system was demonstrated for the flow injection speciation of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a dual-electrode assembly of a vitreous carbon electrode modified with electrocatalysts. The sensor consists of two vitreous carbon electrodes (3 mm diameter) shrouded in a teflon block placed in a thin-layer electrochemical flow cell such that the sample plug reaches each electrode simultaneously. The electrodes were modified with 2,2'-bipyridyl - poly(4-vinylpyridine) complexes of Ru and Os, respectively, for the detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III). These electrodes were operated at ~0.12 V vs. SCE and gave quantitative recovery from water samples with ratios in the range 100 to 0.1; interference was only observed in the presence of Cu(II) ions. The construction of a dual sensor for the highly selective speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III) is demonstrated. The dual sensor is constructed from glassy carbon electrodes modified with the electrocatalytic polymers, [Ru(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl and [Os(bipy)2(PVP)10Cl]Cl. This approach allows simultaneous detection of Fe(II) and Fe(III) using a flow injection procedure. The modified electrode system exhibited greatly enhanced performance with regard to response, lowering of activation overpotential and absence of electrode fouling. The operational performance of the sensor system exhibited considerable advantage over existing procedures for the speciation anal. for Fe(II) and Fe(III).',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '4',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-11 18:36:46',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01385',
			'pauthor' => '!Vos, J.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1021/ac00029a024',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) using a dual electrode modified with electrocatalytic polymers', Anal. Chem., 1992 64(5) 572-575',
			'firstchar' => 'S',
			'twochars' => 'Sp',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 3 => array(
			'id' => '010308',
			'authors' => 'Brooks, S.A.;Kennedy, R.T.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Sunday A. Brooks and Robert T. Kennedy*',
			'title' => 'A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0436P00027',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '436',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '27',
			'endpage' => '34',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => '',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0091;0096;0519;0001;',
			'keywords' => ';0109;0401;0043;0110;',
			'abstract' => 'Flow-through recycling electrochemical detectors with dual Au electrodes were fabricated using micromachining techniques. Detector cells contained two microband electrodes that were 50 &micro;m wide by 3-5 mm long separated by a 5 or 10 &micro;m gap in a parallel-opposed configuration. One electrode was defined in the bottom of a channel which was etched into the surface of a Si wafer while the other electrode was defined on a glass substrate. The depth of the channel defined the gap distance between the electrodes. The Si and glass pieces were anodically bonded together to create a flow cell. The stability and reproducibility of single and dual electrode cells were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and amperometry during flow injection analysis (FIA). Single electrode detectors had detection limits of 50 nM with root mean square noise in the 3-10 pA range. The dual electrode cells showed enhanced sensitivity over single electrode cells through detection of analyte molecules multiple times as they were transported through the cell. Signal enhancements up to 60-fold were obtained with dual electrode cells during FIA at a flow rate of 50 nL/min. Simulations predict that signal-to-noise ratio enhancements > 100-fold may be possible with appropriate designs.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '16',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:30',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00713',
			'pauthor' => '!Kennedy, R.T.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00224-6',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''A microfabricated flow-through cell with parallel-opposed electrodes for recycling amperometric detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 436(1-2) 27-34',
			'firstchar' => 'A',
			'twochars' => 'A ',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 4 => array(
			'id' => '010345',
			'authors' => 'Xia, W.L.;Woltman, S.J.;Sandberg, M.;Weber, S.G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Wanlin Xiaa, Steven J. Woltmana, Mats Sandbergb and Stephen G. Webera,*',
			'title' => 'Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Electroanal. Chem.',
			'journal_id' => '0709',
			'fadid' => 'JECH1997V0435P00039',
			'year' => '1997',
			'volume' => '435',
			'issue' => '1-2',
			'startpage' => '39',
			'endpage' => '46',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0738;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0105;0519;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0302;',
			'abstract' => 'The dual gold + mercury (Au + Hg) amalgam electrode was found to be an effective detector for S-sulfocysteine (SSC). Using flow injection analysis, a 20 pmol mass detection limit was achieved using a 20 &micro;L injection volume. Cystine and SSC were shown to behave quite differently in this detection system. The signal from cystine displayed a dependence on flow rate reflective of simple mass transfer, while the signal from SSC was more sensitive to mobile phase flow rate. The cystine signal was insensitive to pH, while SSC's signal depended significantly on pH. The SSC reduction reaction at the upstream Au + Hg electrode was determined by cyclic voltammetry to be RSSO3- + 2H(+) + 2e(-) --> RSH + HSO3-. The signal monitored at the downstream electrode was attributed mainly to the oxidation of Hg to Hg cysteinate below pH 4. Both cysteine and bisulfite contributed to the detection signal above pH 4.5. The optimum pH for the detection of SSC was approximately 5.2. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. 22 References',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'Yes',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '6',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-12 09:49:27',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 302 Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '00694',
			'pauthor' => '!Weber, S.G.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1016/S0022-0728(96)05069-3',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'yes',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Cyclic voltammetry of s-sulfocysteine at a gold plus mercury amalgam electrode and application to dual electrode electrochemical detection', J. Electroanal. Chem., 1997 435(1-2) 39-46',
			'firstchar' => 'C',
			'twochars' => 'Cy',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 5 => array(
			'id' => '013617',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Bratin, K.;Forcier, G.',
			'authorsweb' => 'Krull IS, Ding X-D, Selavka C, Bratin K, Forcier G',
			'title' => 'Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection',
			'journal' => 'J. Forensic Sci.',
			'journal_id' => '1255',
			'fadid' => 'JFSC1984V0029P00449',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '29',
			'issue' => '2',
			'startpage' => '449',
			'endpage' => '463',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';0862;1593;2381;0813;0241;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'The cited methods (apparatus illustrated) have been applied in the analysis of standard explosives (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene and N-methyl-2,4,6,N-tetranitroaniline and other organic nitro-compounds) by using single- or dual-electrode detection. The responses of the dual-electrode detector were found to be a function of applied working potentials. The dual-electrode technique, which showed greater sensitivity than the single-electrode method, was applicable in the analysis of explosives, drugs, nitrate ester compounds, nitro-aromatics, nitro-PAH and similar such derivatives. Calibration graphs and rectilinearities of detector response for various nitro-compounds are given. Flow injection analysis - photolysis - electrochemical detection and HPLC - photolysis - electrochemical detection may be of value in organic or inorganic trace analysis.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '2013-11-27 05:00:00',
			'hits' => '10',
			'urlcheck' => '2014-10-23 18:24:45',
			'urlcheckcode' => 'HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found',
			'pauthor_id' => '01085',
			'pauthor' => '!Krull, I.S.',
			'address' => 'pau',
			'email' => 'pau',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => '10.1520/JFS11693J',
			'urltype' => 'doi',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Trace analysis for explosives and related compounds via high performance liquid chromatography - photolysis - electrochemical detection', J. Forensic Sci., 1984 29(2) 449-463',
			'firstchar' => 'T',
			'twochars' => 'Tr',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 6 => array(
			'id' => '013891',
			'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
			'authorsweb' => 'NA',
			'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
			'journal' => 'LC-GC',
			'journal_id' => '0487',
			'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
			'year' => '1984',
			'volume' => '2',
			'issue' => '3',
			'startpage' => '214',
			'endpage' => '221',
			'type' => 'Journal Article',
			'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
			'matrices' => '',
			'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
			'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
			'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
			'language' => 'English',
			'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
			'sjccheck' => 'No',
			'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
			'hits' => '0',
			'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
			'urlcheckcode' => '',
			'pauthor_id' => null,
			'pauthor' => 'NA',
			'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
			'email' => 'NA',
			'notes' => null,
			'url' => 'NA',
			'urltype' => 'NA',
			'gotpdf' => 'no',
			'partial' => 'no',
			'notanalyte' => '',
			'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
			'firstchar' => 'E',
			'twochars' => 'El',
			'CitationsTechnique' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Analyte' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			),
			'Matrix' => array([maximum depth reached]),
			'Keyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$c = array(
	'id' => '013891',
	'authors' => 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.',
	'authorsweb' => 'NA',
	'title' => 'Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC',
	'journal' => 'LC-GC',
	'journal_id' => '0487',
	'fadid' => 'LCGC1984V0002P00214',
	'year' => '1984',
	'volume' => '2',
	'issue' => '3',
	'startpage' => '214',
	'endpage' => '221',
	'type' => 'Journal Article',
	'analytes' => ';1593;1875;',
	'matrices' => '',
	'techniques' => ';0038;0091;',
	'keywords' => ';0323;0302;0339;',
	'abstract' => 'Online, continuous, post-column irradiation provides a useful and practical approach for derivatization in HPLC with electrochemical detection and flow injection analysis. Over-all specificity is improved by the use of a narrower-wavelength irradiation source, e.g., a laser. The resulting selective excitation allows detection of a single analyte in the presence of many other compounds. The instrumental arrangement and system optimization are discussed with particular emphasis on the type and design of the PTFE tubing used to convey HPLC mobile phases around the irradiation finger and to transfer derivative species to the detector. Detection limits of <50 ppb for most compounds have been achieved. Consideration is also given to single and dual electrochemical detection of the derivative species, determination of analytes appropriate for this approach, and determination of organic nitro- and phosphorothioate compounds.',
	'language' => 'English',
	'updated' => '2020-12-28 11:25:15',
	'sjccheck' => 'No',
	'sjccheckdate' => '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
	'hits' => '0',
	'urlcheck' => '2006-05-20 19:21:11',
	'urlcheckcode' => '',
	'pauthor_id' => null,
	'pauthor' => 'NA',
	'address' => 'Northeastern Univ., Barnett Inst. Chem. Anal., Boston, MA 02115 USA',
	'email' => 'NA',
	'notes' => null,
	'url' => 'NA',
	'urltype' => 'NA',
	'gotpdf' => 'no',
	'partial' => 'no',
	'notanalyte' => '',
	'citation' => ''Electrochemical detection in HPLC. Post-column, online, continuous photolytic derivatizations for improved detection in HPLC - hu - EC', LC-GC, 1984 2(3) 214-221',
	'firstchar' => 'E',
	'twochars' => 'El',
	'CitationsTechnique' => array(
		'id' => '014493',
		'citation_id' => '013891',
		'technique_id' => '0091'
	),
	'Analyte' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '01593',
			'name' => 'Nitro compounds',
			'iupac_name' => '',
			'casrn' => 'NA',
			'synonyms' => 'trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid).',
			'total' => '8',
			'inchi' => '',
			'inchikey' => '',
			'formula' => '-NO2',
			'oxstate' => null,
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => null,
			'class1' => 'Organic compound',
			'class2' => 'NA',
			'class3' => 'NA',
			'class4' => 'Molecule',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => '',
			'checked' => 'yes',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 09:53:17',
			'first' => 'N',
			'nametotal' => 'Nitro compounds**8',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '01875',
			'name' => 'Phosphorothioate compounds',
			'iupac_name' => '',
			'casrn' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'total' => '1',
			'inchi' => '',
			'inchikey' => '',
			'formula' => '',
			'oxstate' => null,
			'url' => '',
			'charge' => null,
			'class1' => '',
			'class2' => '',
			'class3' => '',
			'class4' => '',
			'class5' => '',
			'isgroup' => 'no',
			'checked' => 'no',
			'citation_count' => '0',
			'updated' => '2015-12-11 09:53:17',
			'first' => 'P',
			'nametotal' => 'Phosphorothioate compounds**1',
			'AnalytesCitation' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	),
	'Matrix' => array(),
	'Keyword' => array(
		(int) 0 => array(
			'id' => '0323',
			'type' => 'Chemical Process',
			'keyword' => 'Photochemistry',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '129',
			'first' => 'P',
			'keytotal' => 'Photochemistry**129',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 1 => array(
			'id' => '0302',
			'type' => 'Feature',
			'keyword' => 'Optimization',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '1069',
			'first' => 'O',
			'keytotal' => 'Optimization**1069',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		),
		(int) 2 => array(
			'id' => '0339',
			'type' => 'Manifold process',
			'keyword' => 'Post-column derivatization',
			'newKeyword' => '',
			'synonyms' => '',
			'fao' => '',
			'total' => '646',
			'first' => 'P',
			'keytotal' => 'Post-column derivatization**646',
			'CitationsKeyword' => array(
				[maximum depth reached]
			)
		)
	)
)
$i = (int) 6
$path = ''
$a = ''
$url = 'http://NA'
$aus = 'Krull, I.S.;Ding, X.D.;Selavka, C.M.;Nelson, R.'
include - APP/View/Elements/citation.ctp, line 40
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::_renderElement() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 1224
View::element() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 418
include - APP/View/Techniques/view.ctp, line 52
View::_evaluate() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 971
View::_render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 933
View::render() - CORE/Cake/View/View.php, line 473
Controller::render() - CORE/Cake/Controller/Controller.php, line 968
Dispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 200
Dispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/Cake/Routing/Dispatcher.php, line 167
[main] - APP/webroot/index.php, line 109