University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Electrode

Classification: Electrode -> air gap

Citations 4

"Flow Injection Analysis. 3. Comparison Of Continuous-flow Spectrophotometry And Potentiometry For Rapid Determination Of The Total Nitrogen Content In Plant Digests"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1976 Volume 81, Issue 2 Pages 371-386

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J. W. B. Stewart, J. Rika, H. Bergamin Filho and E. A. Zagatto

Abstract: The Berthelot reaction for the determination of NH3 by formation of indophenol blue was adapted to continuous-flow spectrometry, and the effects of acidity, temperature, EtOH content, and sampling rate were investigated; optimal conditions are described for the determination of N in Kjeldahl digests. Comparison of results obtained by this method, the air-gap electrode, and classical distillation shows no statistical difference at the 1% level, but the flow injection technique can be run at a much higher sampling rate (110-180 samples per hr) than any other method and uses ≥0.3 mL of digest/anal.
Nitrogen Nitrogen, total Plant Optimization Method comparison

"Flow Injection Analysis. 1. A New Concept In Fast Continuous-flow Analysis"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1975 Volume 78, Issue 1 Pages 145-157

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J. Ruzicka and E. H. Hansen

Abstract: The concept of a new continuous-flow analyzer system is described. Based on instant discrete sampling by injection into a carrier stream, the system allows continuous-flow anal. to be performed in a fast, much simplified way. As the continuous flowing stream is characterized by a turbulent rather than a laminar flow, the discrete instant sampling creates geometrically well-defined segments of sample solution within the flowing stream. Because of the absence of lag phase, an unprecedented sampling rate for continuous-flow anal. of well over 200 samples per hr can be achieved; and even manual injection of the samples allows a very high degree of accuracy and precision to be obtained (≤ ±1%). Uses of the system in various anal. procedures are described and discussed. A potentiometric sensor (the air-gap electrode used in a flow-through unit) and a spectrophotometric arrangement with a flow-through cell were used as detector units.
Ammonia Ammonium Phosphate Phosphates Environmental Theory

"Potentiometric Determination Of Sulfite By Use Of Mercury(I) Chloride-mercury(II) Sulfide Electrodes In Flow Injection Analysis And In Air-gap Electrodes"
Analyst 1983 Volume 108, Issue 1287 Pages 701-711

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Geoffrey B. Marshall and Derek Midgley

Abstract: Flow injection analysis, using as the detector a solid-state ion-selective electrode with a mercury(II) sulphide-mercury(I) chloride membrane, can be used for determining sulphite or dissolved sulphur dioxide in water. At concentrations in the range 1.5-10 mg 1-1 of sulphite, the method has a Nernstian response of 60 mV per decade, but at lower concentrations (down to 0.1 mg 1-1) the e.m.f. is linearly related to the sulphite concentration. Although the flow injection method is less sensitive than direct use of the electrode, it avoids the problem of chloride interference and permits the determination of sulphur dioxide in the commonly used tetrachloromercurate absorbent. The only serious interference found was from sulphide, although a small effect was also obtained from thiosulphate. Measurements in the range 0.1-10 mg 1-1 of sulphite had relative standard deviations for single results of no more than 2%. The method requires only two reagents (dilute nitric acid solutions) and is simple to operate. Each analysis is complete in less than 5 min.Air-gap electrodes, using the same sensor, had sub-Nernstian responses of very poor reproducibility and were not considered to be a practical means of determining sulphite.
Sulfite Water

"Flow Injection Analysis: New Approach To Quantitative Measurements In Clinical Chemistry"
Clin. Chem. 1982 Volume 28, Issue 3 Pages 409-421

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B Rocks and C Riley

Abstract: Flow injection analysis, founded on an approach that is entirely different from continuous-flow analysis, involves use of three principles: sample 'injection,' controlled dispersion of sample (rather than a dispersion retarded with gas bubbles), and reproducible timing. The conditions governing the dispersion of the sample in the flowing carrier stream are considered, and we illustrate how the dispersion can be manipulated to suit particular analytical requirements. Instrumentation and practical aspects of flow injection analyzes are discussed, especially with regard to clinical chemistry applications, and the technique is compared with the more conventional gas-segmented- flow analysis system. We conclude that, because of its speed, economy, and simplicity, flow injection analysis will eventually replace the gas- segmented approach for many clinical chemistry analyzes.
General Controlled dispersion Dialysis Immobilized enzyme Kinetic Solvent extraction Review