University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Zhenghua Song

Abbrev:
Song, Z.H.
Other Names:
Z. Song
Address:
Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, Xian, 710069, China
Phone:
+86-2-9830-2456
Fax:
+86-2-9830-3798

Citations 37

"Monitoring Sub-nanogram Amount Of Acetylspiramycin In Human Urine Using Flow Injection Analysis With Chemiluminescence Detection"
Yaoxue Xuebao 2004 Volume 39, Issue 1 Pages 64-67
XJ Luan, ZH Song, Z Xiao

Abstract: Aim: To establish a new and simple flow injection method for the rapid determination of acetylspiramycin (ASPM). Methods: ASPM was determined by chemiluminescence (CL) method combined with flow injection (FI) technology, which was based on the inhibitive effect of ASPM on the chemiluminescence reaction of the luminol-K3Fe (CN)6 system. Results: The decrease of chemiluminescence intensity was proportional to the logarithm of ASPM concentration (0.1 - 100) ?g?L-1, the detection limit was 40 ng?L-1 (3?). The whole process, including sampling and washing, could be completed in 0.5 min with a RSD less than 3.0% (n = 5). Conclusion: The FI-CL method is of both high sensitivity and good selectivity giving a throughput of 120 h-1. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of ASPM in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine without any pre-treatment. It was found that the ASPM concentration reached its maximum after being orally administrated for two hours.

"Chemiluminescence Flow-through Sensor For The Determination Of Vitamin B2 Using Controlled-reagent-release Technology"
Yaoxue Xuebao 2002 Volume 37, Issue 10 Pages 793-797
Wang, L., Song, Z.H.

Abstract: AIM To establish a simple and novel method for the determination of vitamin B2 rapidly in pharmaceutical preparations. METHODS Vitamin B2 was determined by a chemiluminescence (CL) sensor combined with flow-injection (FI) technology. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, luminol and hexacyanoferrate (III), were both immobilized on an anion-exchange resin column in FI system. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate (III), which were eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection, decreased in the presence of vitamin B2. RESULTS The decreased CL intensity was linearly correlated with the vitamin B2 concentration in the range of 0.01 ? 1.0 ?g?mL-11, the detection limit was 4.0 ng?mL-1 vitamin B2(3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL?min-1, the procedure including sampling and washing could be performed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. CONCLUSION The flow sensor exhibited both good sensitivity and stability. It could be reused more than 450 times and has been applied successfully to the analysis of vitamin B2 in pharmaceutical preparations.

"In Vitro Detecting Ultra-trace Novalgin In Medicine And Human Urine By Chemiluminescence"
Talanta 2003 Volume 60, Issue 1 Pages 161-170
Zheng-hua Song and Ni Zhang

Abstract: A sensitive chemilumimetric method for the determination of novalgin at the sub-nanogram level is presented. The method is based on immobilized luminol and dichromate chemiluminescence detection coupled with a flow injection system. The intensity of the chemiluminescence can be strongly inhibited by novalgin and the decrement of CL intensity was linear with the logarithm of novalgin concentration in the range of 5.0 x 10^-11 to 5.0 x 10^-8 g mL-1. The detection limit is 2.0 x 10^-11 g mL-1 (3s) and the relative standard deviation is 2.57% (n=5) for a 1.0 x 10^-10 g mL-1 novalgin sample. A typical analytical procedure, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 1 min at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, giving a throughput of 60 h-1. The proposed procedure was applied successfully in pharmaceutical preparations and furthermore the monitoring of novalgin in human urine without any pre-treatment process during 10 h. It was found that the novalgin concentration reached its maximum after orally administrated for about 4 h, and the novalgin metabolism ratio in 10 h was 10.83% in the body of volunteers. The flow system offered reagentless procedures and remarkable stability in determination of novalgin, and could be easily reused over 600 times.

"Sensitive Determination Of Sub-nanogram Amounts Of Rutin By Its Inhibition On Chemiluminescence With Immobilized Reagents"
Talanta 2002 Volume 57, Issue 1 Pages 59-67
Zhenghua Song and Shuang Hou

Abstract: An interesting inhibitory effect of rutin on the chemiluminescence, (CL) reaction between luminol and periodate was reported, and this effect was used for the determination of rutin in medicine and human urine. The CL reagents, luminol and periodate, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and periodate, which were eluted from the column through water injection, was decreased in the presence of rutin. Rutin was sensed by measuring the decrement of CL intensity, and which was observed to be linear over the logarithm of 0.1-30 ng mL-1 rutin concentration range, and the limit of detection was 0.03 ng mL-1 (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, both sampling and washing could be performed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The method proposed offered reagent-less procedures and remarkable stability in the determination of rutin, and could be easily reused over 80 h. The method proposed was applied successfully in the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical preparations and monitoring the excretion of rutin in human urine. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

"Chemiluminescence Sensor For Isoniazid With Controlled-reagent-release Technology"
Talanta 2001 Volume 53, Issue 6 Pages 1171-1177
Zhenghua Song, Jihong Lü and Tiezhu Zhao

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for isoniazid combined with flow injection technology is presented in this paper. The analytical reagents, luminol and ferricyanide, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and ferricyanide, which were eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection, was decreased in the presence of isoniazid. The decreased CL intensity was linear with isoniazid concentration in the range 0.001-1.0 ng . ml-1; and the detection limit was 0.35 µg . mL-1 (3s). The whole process, including sampling and washing, could be completed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.1%. The sensor could be reused more than 400 times and has been applied for the determination of isoniazid in pharmaceutical preparations.

"Ultrasensitive Determination Of Amoxicillin Using Chemiluminescence With Flow Injection Analysis"
Spectroscopy 2006 Volume 20, Issue 1 Pages 37-43
Xiaofeng Xie and Zhenghua Song

Abstract: Results presented here reveal that amoxicillin can greatly enhance the chemiluminescence intensity generated from the reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide. The increment chemiluminescence signal was linearly dependent on amoxicillin concentration in the range from 10 pg?ml-1 to 2 ng?ml-1 (r2 = 0.9978) offering a detection limit as low as 3.5 pg?ml-1 (3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 ml?min-1, one analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, can be accomplished in 20 s with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The sensitive flow injection method was applied successfully to determine of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical preparations, human urine and serum without any pretreatment procedure, with recovery from 90.0% to 110.0% and relative standard deviations of less than 5.0%. © 2006 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

"A Sensitive Chemiluminescence Flow Injection Procedure For Assay Of Fluoride In Waters And Humane Urine By Use Of Immobilized Reagents#"
Spectrosc. Lett. 2003 Volume 36, Issue 1-2 Pages 117-131
Zhenghua Song and Ni Zhang

Abstract: A new simple, rapid, selective and sensitive analytical procedure based on chemiluminescence (CL) detection is described for the determination of free fluoride at sub-nanogram levels by use of controlled-reagent-release technology in a flow injection system. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, including luminol and periodate, were both immobilized on anion-exchange resins in a flow injection system. Through water injection luminol and periodate were eluted from the anion exchange column to generate the chemiluminescence, which was enhanced in the presence of fluoride. The increased CL intensity was linear with fluoride concentration in the range from 0.1 to 10 ng mL-1. The limit of detection was 20 pg mL-1 (3s) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.02% (n = 5) for a 1.0 ng mL-1 fluoride. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, including sampling and washing, a typical analytical procedure could be performed in 0.5 min with a RSD of less than 3.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the free fluoride in water and human urine, and the results were in good agreement with those obtained by ion chromatography.
Fluoride Water Urine Chemiluminescence Method comparison Immobilized reagent

"Flow Injection Chemiluninescence For Detecting Picogram Amounts Of Dobesilate In Human Urine"
Spectrochim. Acta A 2004 Volume 60, Issue 10 Pages 2377-2382
Zhenghua Song, Qiaoli Yue and Changna Wang

Abstract: A sensitive method for the determination of dobesilate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine is described by using controlled-reagent-release technology. The method entailed the use of luminol and periodate, which are immobilized on anion exchange resin and react in alkaline medium, giving chemiluminescence (CL) at 425 nm. Dobesilate was detected by measuring the decrease of CL intensity, and which was observed linear over the dobesilate concentration range of 10^-600 pg mL-1, and the limit of detection was 3.5 pg mL-1 (3s) and a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, the determination of dobesilate, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min, giving a throughput of about 120 times per hour. The proposed method has an extremely low limit of detection down to 3.5 pgml-1, thus it can be applied directly in the assay of human urine without any pre-treatment. It was also found that the dobesilate concentration reached its maximum after orally administrated for 3.5 hrs, and the excretion ratio in 24h was 58.8% in the body of volunteers.

"Chemiluminescence Flow Sensor For Folic Acid With Immobilized Reagents"
Spectrochim. Acta A 2001 Volume 57, Issue 13 Pages 2567-2574
Zhenghua Song and Xin Zhou

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for folic acid combined flow injection (FI) technology was presented in this paper. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, including luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column in FI system. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), which were eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection, was decreased in the presence of folic acid, The CL emission was correlated with the folic acid concentration in the range from 0.01 to 15 µg mL-1, and the detection limit was 3.5 ng mL-1 folic acid (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of < 2.5%. The flow sensor could be reused more than 300 times and has been applied to the analysis of folic acid in pharmaceutical preparations, and the recovery was from 97.4% to 100.4%. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

"Chemiluminescence Inhibition Assay For Folic Acid Using Flow Injection Analysis"
Phytochem. Anal. 2003 Volume 14, Issue 4 Pages 216-220
Zhenghua Song, Lin Wang

Abstract: A new flow injection method for the determination of folic acid is described. A fast oxidation reaction occurred when folic acid was mixed with potassium ferricyanide generating ferrocyanide which then inhibited the chemiluminescent reaction of ferricyanide and luminol in alkaline medium. The decrease of chemiluminescence intensity was correlated with the folic acid concentration in the range 0.1-21 µg/mL; the detection limit for the assay was 0.03 µg/mL (3). A complete analysis of folic acid, including sampling and washing, could be performed within 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.0%. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the determination of folic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

"Determination Of Picogram-Levels Of Acetylspiramycin In Human Urine And Serum By Flow Injection Chemiluminescence"
Microchim. Acta 2005 Volume 149, Issue 1-2 Pages 117-122
Zhenghua Song and Changna Wang

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence method for the determination of acetylspiramycin is presented. It is based on the greatly enhancive effect of acetylspiramycin on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in the flow system. The increase in chemiluminescence intensity was linearly proportional to the acetylspiramycin concentration in the range from 10 pg mL-1 to 2.0 ng mL-1 (r2 = 0.9979). The detection limit was 3 pg mL-1 (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, the process of determination, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min, and the relative standard deviations of seven replicates are less than 5.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of acetylspiramycin in pharmaceutical preparations, human urine and serum without pre-treatment. It was found that the excretive ratio of acetylspiramycin reached its maximum 2.0 hours after having been administered orally, and the excretive ratio in 12.0 hours was 8.4%.

"In Vitro Determination Of Dobesilate In Medicine And Human Urine With Chemiluminescence Detection"
Microchim. Acta 2003 Volume 142, Issue 4 Pages 205-211
Zhenghua Song, Ni Zhang and Lin Wang

Abstract: A unique flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of calcium dobesilate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine is presented in this paper. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, luminol and ferricyanide, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column in an FI system. The CL signal produced by the reaction of luminol with ferricyanide (the reagents had been eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection) decreased in the presence of dobesilate. The decreased CL intensity was linear to the dobesilate concentration in the range 0.2-100.0 ng mL-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, one analytical cycle can be completed in 1.5 min, including sampling and washing, resulting in a throughput of 40 cycles per hour. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of dobesilate in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine without any pre-treatment. It was found that, after oral administration, the dobesilate concentration reached its maximum after three hours, and the dobesilate metabolism ratio in 24 hours was 57.1% in the bodies of volunteers.

"Assay Of Femtogram Level Nitrite In Human Urine Using Luminol-myoglobin Chemiluminescence"
Microchem. J. 2006 Volume 84, Issue 1-2 Pages 10-13
Qiaoli Yue and Zhenghua Song

Abstract: In this paper, a sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence system luminol-myoglobin was described for determining femtogram nitrite. Nitrite bound myoglobin producing the ferric heme nitrite complexes, which catalyzed the electron transfer of luminol to myoglobin leading to fast chemiluminescence. The chemiluminescence intensity in the presence of nitrite was remarkably enhanced compared with that in the absence of it. Under the optimum reaction conditions the chemiluminescence increment produced was proportional to the concentration of nitrite in the range of 0.05 pg mL-1 - 1.0 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.9991), with a detection limit (3s) of 20.0 fg mL-1. At the flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, the whole process including sampling and washing could be completed in 0.5 min offering the sampling efficiency of 120 h-1 accordingly, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 2.60% (n = 5). It was satisfactory for the application to determine nitrite in human urine samples, and the possible mechanism was proposed.

"Resorcinol Chemosensor Based On Detection Of Chemiluminescence With Immobilized Reagents"
Microchem. J. 2001 Volume 68, Issue 1 Pages 47-52
Zhenghua Song and Lin Wang

Abstract: A new chemosensor based on the inhibition of the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity in a flow injection system is developed for the determination of resorcinol. The CL was generated by the reaction of K3Fe(CN)6 and luminol in alkaline medium while the reagents were immobilized on an anion exchange resin and eluted by sodium phosphate. The CL intensity was inhibited by resorcinol and the decrease of CL intensity is linear over the resorcinol concentration range of 9.2-920 ng mL-1. The detection limit is 3.5 ng mL-1 (3s) with a relative standard deviation of less than 2.5%. The influence of foreign compounds was studied and the method was applied successfully to the determination of resorcinol in pharmaceutical tinctures.

"Rapid Determination Of Clindamycin In Medicine With Myoglobin-luminol Chemiluminescence System"
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006 Volume 41, Issue 2 Pages 667-670
B. Mallikarjuna Rao, Arpita Chakraborty, M.K. Srinivasu, M. Lalitha Devi, P. Rajender Kumar, K.B. Chandrasekhar, A.K. Srinivasan, A.S. Prasad and J. Ramanatham

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence method, based on the inhibitory effect of clindamycin on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and myoglobin in a flow-injection system, is proposed for the determination of clindamycin. The decrement of chemiluminescence intensity is linear with the logarithm of clindamycin concentration over the range from 0.1 to 70.0 ng mL-1 (r2 = 0.9995), with the detection limit of 0.03 ng mL-1 (3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0% (n = 5). The proposed procedure was applied successfully to the determination of clindamycin in capsules without any pretreatment process. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

"Sensitive Chemiluminescence Assay For Risperidone In Pharmaceutical Preparations"
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2004 Volume 36, Issue 3 Pages 491-494
Zhenghua Song and Changna Wang

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method to determine the antipsychotic risperidone (RSP) is proposed, based on the catalytic effect of risperidone on the CL reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in flow system. The increment of CL intensity was correlated with risperidone concentration in the range of 10 pg mL-1 to 1.0 ng mL-1 with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0% (n = 5); and a limit of detection of 4 pg mL-1 (3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, the flow injection CL method exhibited both high sensitivity and excellent selectivity giving a throughput of 120 samples per hour. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of risperidone in pharmaceutical preparations. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

"Determination Of Picomole Amounts Of Thiamine Through Flow Injection Analysis Based On The Suppression Of Luminol-KIO4 Chemiluminescence System"
J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002 Volume 28, Issue 3-4 Pages 683-691
Zhenghua Song and Shuang Hou

Abstract: A continuous flow sensor for the determination of thiamine was constructed by using controlled-reagent-release technology in a FIA-CL system. The analytical reagents, luminol and KIO4, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column, The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and KIO4, which were eluted from the column through water injection, was decreased in the presence of thiamine. The decreased CL intensity was linear with thiamine concentration in the range 3.3 pmol mL-1 - 6.7 nmol mL-1; and the limit of detection was 1.0 pmol mL-1 (3s). The whole process, including sampling and washing, could be completed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The flow sensor showed remarkable stability and could be easily reused over 80 h. The sensor proposed was tested in determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparation and human urine samples.

"A New Green Analytical Procedure For Monitoring Sub-nanogram Amounts Of Chlorpyrifos On Fruits Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence With Immobilized Reagents"
J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Volume 50, Issue 16 Pages 4468-4474
Zhenghua Song, Shuang Hou, and Ni Zhang

Abstract: A novel green method using flow injection chemiluminescence with controlled-reagent-release technology has been investigated for the rapid and sensitive monitoring of sub-nanogram amounts of chlorpyrifos. The analytical reagents involved in chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, luminol and periodate, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column. The CL signals produced by the reaction between luminol and periodate, which were eluted from the column through water injection, were decreased in the presence of chlorpyrifos. The decrease of CL intensity was linear over the logarithm of concentration of chlorpyrifos ranging from 0.48 to 484.0 ng x mL-1 (r2 = 0.9969), and the limit of detection was 0.18 ng x mL-1 (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL x min-1, the determination of chlorpyrifos, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than <3.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully in an assay of remnant chlorpyrifos on fruits such as orange and shaddock with the recovery of 94.4-107.4%. The change of the concentration of chlorpyrifos in a water sample was also investigated, and the variation rate was 99.96% during 35 h in the open air. [Journal Article; In English; United States]

"Chemiluminescence Investigation Of Detection Of Rutin In Medicine And Human Urine Using Controlled-reagent-release Technology"
J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001 Volume 49, Issue 12 Pages 5697-5701
Zhenghua Song and Lin Wang

Abstract: A novel continuous-flow sensor based on chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed for the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine by controlled-reagent-release technology. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, including luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column in a flow injection system. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), which were eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection, was decreased in the presence of rutin. CL intensity was inhibited by rutin; the decrement of CL intensity was linear over the logarithm of the rutin concentration range of 1.0-400 ng x mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.35 ng x mL-1 (3s). The whole process, including sampling and washing, could be completed in 1.5 min with a relative standard deviation of 450 time; the sensor proposed was applied successfully to the determination of rutin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine. [Journal Article; In English; United States]

"Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Determination Of Femtogram-level Cobalt In Egg Yolk, Fish Tissue And Human Serum"
Food Chem. 2006 Volume 94, Issue 3 Pages 457-463
Zhenghua SongCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Qiaoli Yue and Changna Wang

Abstract: Femtogram-level cobalt was determined based on its significantly catalyzed effect on luminol-dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence (CL) reaction in the flow system. The increment of CL signal was proportional to the concentration of cobalt, giving linear range from 10 fg mL-1 to 50 pg mL-1 (r2 = 0.9992) with a detection limit 4 fg mL-1 (3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a typical analytical procedure for cobalt, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of cobalt in egg yolk, fish tissue and human serum, agreed well with radioimmunoassay. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

"Rapid Determination Of Levofloxacin At Nanogram Level In Pharmaceuticals And Biological Fluids Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence"
Curr. Anal. Chem. 2006 Volume 2, Issue 3 Pages 253-259
Shao, Xiaodong1; Xie, Xiaofeng1; Liu, Yanhong1; Song, Zhenghua

Abstract: A new flow injection method for the determination of levofloxacin based on the enhancement of the intensity of chemiluminescence (CL) from the luminol-KIO4 system was described in this paper. The enhanced chemiluminescence intensity was linear with the concentration of levofloxacin over the range from 7 ng mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1 (r 2=0.9991) with a detection limit (3?) of 2 ng mL-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 minute, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0% (n=5). The recovery for the levofloxacin samples was from 91.0% to 109.4%. The proposed method was applied successfully in the determination of levofloxacin in tablets, eyedrop, human serum and urine samples. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

"Determination Of Risperidone At Picogram Level In Human Urine By Luminol-H2O2 Chemiluminescence"
Chem. Pap. 2006 Volume 60, Issue 4 Pages 288-292
X. F. Xie, X. D. Shao and Z. H. Song

Abstract: A simple flow-injection chemiluminescence method with synergistic enhancement has been investigated for the rapid and sensitive determination of antipsychotic risperidone. The synergistic action was significant in the chemiluminescence system of luminol-hydrogen peroxide with risperidone as an enhancer. The increased chemiluminescence intensity was correlated with risperidone concentration within the range from 10 pg mL-1 to 1.0 ng mL-1 with relative standard deviations lower than 5.0 % and the detection limit of 4 pg mL-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min -1, the flow-injection chemiluminescence method exhibited both a high sensitivity and excellent selectivity giving a throughput of 120 times per hour. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the risperidone content in human urine without any pretreatment. It was found that the excretive amounts of risperidone reached their maximum after taking 2.0 mg of risperidone for 1 h, with a total excretive ratio of 17.37 % in 8.5 h. © 2006 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences.

"Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Analysis Of Low Level Concentration Of Hydrazine"
Chin. Chem. Lett. 2001 Volume 12, Issue 9 Pages 799-802
Z. H. SONG, L. WANG, J. H. L&Uuml;, T. Z. ZHAO

Abstract: Combined with flow-injection (FI) technology, a simple chemiluminescence (CL) method was developed for hydrazine determination in this paper. It was found that hydrazine could greatly decrease the strong CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate (III) in alkaline medium. The decreased CL intensity was linear with hydrazine concentration in the range of 5.0 x 10^-9 g mL-1 to 4.0 x 10^-5 g mL-1, and the limit of detection was 2.0 x 10^-9 g mL-1 (3s) with a relative standard deviation of 2.4-4.1% (n=5).

"Flow Through Sensor For The Chemiluminescence Determination Of Thiamine"
Chem. Anal. 2002 Volume 47, Issue 5 Pages 747-757
Z. Song and S. Hou

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for thiamine combined flow injection (FI) technology is presented in this paper. The analytical reagents, luminol and ferricyanide, were both immobilized on an anion exchange column. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and ferricyanide, which were eluted from the column with the sodium phosphate injection, was decreased in the presence of thiamine, The decreased CL intensity was linear for thiamine concentration in the range from 0.2 to 4.0 nmol mL-1; and the limit of detection was 66 pmol mL-1 (3s). The whole process, including sampling and washing, could be completed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The sensor could be reused more than 400 times and has been applied for the determination of thiamine in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine samples.

"In Vitro Monitoring Picogram Roxithromycin In Human Urine Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Procedure"
Curr. Drug Metab. 2006 Volume 7, Issue 4 Pages 389-395
Song, Zhenghua1; Liu, Yanhong1; Xie, Xiaofeng

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence method, based on the enhancive effect of roxithromycin on the chemiluminescence reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in a flow injection system, was proposed for the determination of roxithromycin. The increment of chemiluminescence intensity was linear with roxithromycin concentration in the range 1.0-1000 pg mL-1 with the detection limit of 0.3 pg mL-1 (3?). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. The proposed procedure was applied successfully in the monitoring of roxithromycin in human urine without any pretreatment procedures and it was found that roxithromycin in urine reached its maximum after orally administrated for two hours, presenting an excretive ratio of 4.6% in 12 h. With urinary excretion rate method, the total elimination rate constant k and half-life time t1/2 of roxithomycin was calculated, which was 0.1831, 3.785 h. © 2006 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

"Ultrasensitive Assay Of Azithromycin In Medicine And Bio-Fluids Based On Its Enhanced Luminol-H2O2 Chemiluminescence Reaction Using Flow Injection Technique"
Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003 Volume 11, Issue 24 Pages 5375-5380
Zhenghua Song and Changna Wang

Abstract: A simple flow injection chemiluminescence method with synergistic enhancement has been investigated for the rapid and sensitive determination of azithromycin. The synergistic action was significant in the chemiluminescence system of luminol-hydrogen peroxide with azithromycin as an enhancer. The enhanced chemiluminescence intensity was linear with the concentration of azithromycin over the range from 0.1 pg mL-1 to 1.0 ng mL-1 (r2=0.9988) with a detection limit (3s) of 0.04 pg mL-1. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a complete analytical process could be performed within 0.5 min, including sampling and washing, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully in the assay of azithromycin in pharmaceutical preparations, human urine and serum without any pre-treatment procedure.

"In Vitro Monitoring Sub-nanogram Amounts Analgin In Human Urine By Its Inhibitory Of The Luminol-periodate Chemiluminescence Reaction Using Reagent Immobilization Release Technique"
Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002 Volume 10, Issue 7 Pages 2091-2097
Zhenghua Song and Ni Zhang

Abstract: A selective and sensitive as well as rapid chemiluminescence (CL) flow sensor for the determination of analgin is described. The analytical reagents involved in chemiluminescence reaction, luminol and periodate, were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column. The CL signals produced by the reaction between luminol and periodate, which were eluted from the column through water injection, were decreased in the presence of analgin. Analgin was sensed by measuring the decrement of CL intensity, and which was observed linear over the logarithm of analgin concentration range of 0.1 to 50.0 ng mL-1, and the limit of detection was 0.04 ng mL-1 (3o). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, including sampling and washing, the detection could be performed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The proposed procedure was applied successfully in the monitoring of analgin in human urine samples without any pre-treatment process. It was found that the analgin concentration reached its maximum after being orally administrated for 4 h, and the analgin metabolism ratio in 10 h was 9.28% in the body of volunteers. The flow sensor offered reagentless procedures and remarkable stability in determination of analgin, and could be easily reused over 80 h. [Journal Article; In English; England]

"Chemiluminescence Flow Sensor For Berberine With Immobilized Reagents"
Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2001 Volume 9, Issue 7 Pages 1701-1705
Zhenghua Song, Tiezhu Zhao, Lin Wang and Zhen Xiao

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) sensor for berberine combined with flow injection (FI) technology is described. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, including luminol and potassium ferricyanide, were both immobilized on an anion-exchanger resin column. While a volume of sodium phosphate was passed through the column, the two CL reagents were eluted from the resin and then mixed with a berberine stream under alkaline conditions. By means of the fast oxidation reaction between berberine and potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide was generated, which the inhibited the CL reaction of luminol and potassium ferricyanide. The decreased CL intensity was correlated with the berberine concentration in the range from 0.05 to 300 ng mL-1 with a relative standard deviation of less than 4.3%, and the limit of detection was 0.02 ng mL-1 at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1. It was shown that the Flow sensor could greatly improve the selectivity and sensitivity for determination of berberine. The determination of analyte could be performed in 2 min, including sampling and washing and be stable for over 300 analyzes. Some interference and additives in preparations were tested. Two herbal medicines commonly found in compound prescriptions rutin and baicalin, were studied preliminarily. The method has been applied for the determination of berberine in pharmaceutical preparations successfully. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selectivity

"In Vitro Monitoring Of Nanogram Levels Of Puerarin In Human Urine Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence"
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004 Volume 14, Issue 16 Pages 4127-4130
Changna Wang and Zhenghua Song

Abstract: A rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) determination of puerarin with the flow injection technique was presented. It was found that puerarin could enhance the CL generated from luminol-KIO4 system significantly. The increment of CL intensity was linear over the concentration of puerarin ranging from 0.3 to 100.0 ng mL-1 (r2=0.9963), offering a detection limit as low as 0.1 ng mL-1 (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, one analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 20s with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0%. The experimental results demonstrated that the excretive amounts of puerarin reached its maximum in 3h after taking 250 mL green drink containing 275 mg puerarin, and the puerarin excretive ratio during 24h was 9.70% in the body of volunteers.

"A New Analytical Procedure For Assay Of Lysozyme In Human Tear And Saliva With Immobilized Reagents In Flow Injection Chemiluminescence System"
Anal. Sci. 2003 Volume 19, Issue 3 Pages 347-352
Zheng-hua Song And Shuang Hou

Abstract: A novel analytical procedure based on chemiluminescence (CL) detection was described for the determination of lysozyme at ng mL-1 level by using controlled-reagent-release technology in a flow injection system. The analytical reagents involved in the CL reaction, including luminol and periodate, were both immobilized on the anion-exchange resins in the flow injection system. Through water injection, luminol and periodate were eluted from the anion-exchange column to generate the chemiluminescence, which was inhibited in the presence of lysozyme. By measuring the decrease of CL intensity, one could analyze the lysozyme quantitatively. The decrement of CL emission was linear over the logarithm of lysozyme concentration in the range of 30 - 1000 ng mL-1. A typical analytical procedure, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, giving a throughput of 120 h-1, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of lysozyme in human tear and saliva samples, and the recovery was from 92.0% to 105.7%.

"In Vitro Monitoring Of Picogram Levels Of Captopril In Human Urine Using Flow Injection Chemiluminescence With Immobilized Reagent Technique"
Anal. Lett. 2006 Volume 39, Issue 6 Pages 1115-1127
Zhenghua Song; Shuang Hou; Xiangyang Yu; Xiaofeng Xie; Xiaodong Shao

Abstract: A flow-injection procedure for detection of captopril using a Co2+-captopril complex formed on line based enhancement of luminol and dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence is described. The chemiluminescence reagents, luminol and Co2+, were both immobilized on ion exchange resin in the flow injection system. When captopril solution flowed through the immobilized Co2+ column, the Co2+-captopril (1:2) complex formed on line could greatly enhanced the chemiluminescence intensity generated from the reaction between luminol and dissolved oxygen. The increment of chemiluminescence emission was correlated with the captopril concentration in the range from 7 to 1000 pg mL-1, and the detection limit was 2 pg mL-1 (3?). One analysis cycle, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 0.5 min with relative standard deviations of less than 3.0% (n = 11). The proposed method was applied directly in the assay of human urine without any pretreatment and it was found that the captopril concentration reached its maximum after being administrated orally for 1.5 hours, with the mean excretion ratio in 6.5 hours of 54.3% in the body of volunteers. The possible chemiluminescence mechanism was discussed. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

"Chemiluminescence Flow Sensor For Hydrazine With Immobilized Reagents"
Anal. Lett. 2001 Volume 34, Issue 3 Pages 399-413
Zhenghua Song; Lin Wang; Tiezhu Zhao

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescence (CL) sensing system for hydrazine combined with flow-injection technique is presented in this paper. The analytical reagents, luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), were both immobilized on an anion-exchange column. The CL signal produced by the reaction between luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III), which were eluted from the column through sodium phosphate injection, was decreased in the presence of hydrazine. The decrease in CL intensity is linear with hydrazine concentration in the range from 0.1 to 100.0 ng ml-1; and the detection limit was 0.04 ng m1-1 (3s). A complete analysis could be performed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0%. The flow sensor was stable for over 400 analyzes and was applied successfully to the determination of hydrazine in artificial samples.

"Determination Of Riboflavin Using Flow Injection Inhibitory Chemiluminescence"
Anal. Lett. 2000 Volume 33, Issue 13 Pages 2767-2778
Zhenghua Song; Lin Wang

Abstract: A new flow injection method for the determination of riboflavin based on the inhibition of the intensity of chemiluminescence (CL) from the luminol-K3Fe(CN)(6) system is described. While riboflavin mixed with K3Fe(CN)(6), by the fast oxidation reaction between riboflavin and K3Fe(CN)(6). K4Fe(CN)(6) was generated, which then inhibited the CL reaction of K3Fe(CN)(6) and luminol in alkaline aqueous solution. The CL emission was correlated with the riboflavin concentration in the range from 0.032 to 100 µg mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.01 µg mL-1 (3s). A complete analysis could be performed in 2 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 2.2%. The influence of foreign species was studied and the method has been applied successfully to the determination of riboflavin in pharmaceutical samples, the recovery was from 98.0% to 102%.

"Sub-picogram Determination Of Vitamin B12 In Pharmaceuticals And Human Serum Using Flow Injection With Chemiluminescence Detection"
Anal. Chim. Acta 2003 Volume 488, Issue 1 Pages 71-79
Zhenghua Song and Shuang Hou

Abstract: A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method, based on the enhancive effect of cobalt(II) on the CL reaction between luminol and dissolved oxygen in a flow injection (FI) system, was proposed for determination of Vitamin B12. The increment of the CL intensity was proportional to the concentration of Vitamin B12, giving a calibration graph linear over the concentration from 2.0 x 10^-10 to 1.2 x 10^-6 g L-1 (r2=0.9992) with the detection limit of 5.0 x 10^-11 g L-1 (3s). At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1, a complete determination of Vitamin B12, including sampling and washing, could be accomplished in 0.5 min with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 5.0%. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of Vitamin B12 in pharmaceuticals, human serum, egg yolk and fish tissue.

"Reagentless Chemiluminescence Flow Sensor For The Determination Of Riboflavin In Pharmaceutical Preparations And Human Urine"
Analyst 2001 Volume 126, Issue 8 Pages 1393-1398
Zhenghua Song and Lin Wang

Abstract: A novel continuous-flow sensor based on chemiluminescence (CL) detection was developed for the determination of riboflavin at pg mL-1 levels by the immobilization of the reagents. It was found that the CL intensity from the oxidation between luminol and periodate could be enhanced in the presence of riboflavin. The increase of CL emission was correlated with the riboflavin concentration in the range from 0.04 to 200 ng mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.02 ng mL-1 (3s). Considering the effective reaction ions, luminol and IO4- was immobilized on anion-exchange resin. The system could produce an evident CL signal by water as eluant and it was also shown that the flow sensor could greatly improve the selectivity and sensitivity for determination of riboflavin with a high signal-to-noise ratio. A complete analysis, including sampling and washing, could be performed in 0.5 min with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0%. The flow sensor was applied successfully to the determination of riboflavin in pharmaceutical preparations and human urine samples. [Journal Article; In English; England]

"A Study Of The Chemiluminescence Behavior Of Myoglobin With Luminol And Its Analytical Applications"
Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2004 Volume 378, Issue 2 Pages 529-535
Zhenghua Song, Lin Wang and Shuang Hou

Abstract: A chemiluminescence signal at 425 nm was observed when ferric state myoglobin was mixed with luminol in alkaline medium. Because the signal was remarkably enhanced in the presence of Fe(CN)64-, analytical applications were investigated in a flow-injection system. The increase in chemiluminescence was linearly dependent on myoglobin concentration in the range 0.1 to 100 nmol L-1, and the limit of detection was 0.04 nmol L-1 with relative standard deviation 3.2% (3?). It was also found that binding of Mb with the ligands CN-, SCN-, and F- significantly inhibited the chemiluminescence reaction. The linear dynamic ranges for the ligands were 1.0-300.0, 0.1-3.0, and 0.5-100.0 nmol L-1, and the limits of detection (S/N=3) 0.4, 0.04, and 0.2 nmol L-1, for F-, CN-, and SCN-, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 5.32%, 6.13%, and 3.38% for 0.1 nmol L-1 CN-, 0.5 nmol L-1 SCN-, and 1.0 nmol L-1 F-, respectively. At a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1 the assay could be accomplished in 1 min, including sampling and washing. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of myoglobin in human urine and F- in water samples. A possible mechanism of chemiluminescence production by myoglobin and luminol is presented. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

"Chemiluminescence Assay For Uric Acid In Human Serum And Urine Using Flow-injection With Immobilized Reagents Technology"
Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002 Volume 372, Issue 2 Pages 327-332
Zheng-Hua Song and Shuang Hou

Abstract: A novel chemiluminescence (CL) flow sensor for the determination of uric acid in human urine and serum has been developed by using controlled-reagent-release technology. The reagents involved in the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, luminol and periodate, are immobilized on anion-exchange resin packed in a column. After injection of water, chemiluminescence generated by released luminol and periodate in alkaline media is inhibited in presence of uric acid. By measuring the decreased chemiluminescence (CL) intensity the uric acid is sensed. The decreased response is linear in the 5.0-500.0 ng mL^-1 range, with a detection limit of 1.8 ng mL^-1. The flow sensor showed remarkable operational stability and could be easily reused for over 80 h with sampling frequency of 100 h^-1. The proposed sensor was applied to the determination of uric acid in human urine and serum, and monitoring metabolic uric acid in human urine with RSD less than 3.0%.