University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Saccharides

@ ChemSpider@ NIST@ PubChem

Citations 7

"Flow Injection Amperometric Determination Of Glucose And Some Other Low-molecular-weight Saccharides Based On Oligosaccharide Dehydrogenase Mediated By Benzoquinone Systems"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1995 Volume 310, Issue 1 Pages 161-171
M. Tessemaa, T. Ruzgasb, L. Gortonc,* and T. Ikedad

Abstract: Experiments were performed using a 3-electrode cell with a SCE reference electrode, a Pt wire counter electrode and a working electrode (preparation described) which consisted of either a solid graphite rod (surface area 0.073 cm2) modified with oligosaccharide dehydrogenase (ODH), C paste electrodes modified with ODH (0.053 cm2), C paste electrodes modified with benzoquinone (BQ)/ODH or C paste electrodes modified with ODH/poly(ether amine quinone) (PEAQ). A 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7 was employed as carrier (0.8 ml/min). A dual channel flow system (0.4 ml/min) was used to carry 1 mM BQ dissolved in the carrier for studies with an electrode modified with ODH. Each electrode system responded to glucose (I) and equal responses were obtained for the α- and β-anomeric forms. Calibration graphs are shown. The solid C electrode modified with ODH exhibited the highest sensitivity. The responses for 16 sugars (listed) were measured with a C paste electrode impregnated with BQ which exhibited the lowest noise; the highest currents were observed for I (100%), lactose (52%), cellobiose (50%) and maltose (49%). Selectivity profiles were very similar for the four systems.
Amperometry Electrode Electrode Electrode Optimization

"Simultaneous Amperometric Determination Of Some Mono-, Di-, And Oligosaccharides In Flow Injection And Liquid Chromatography Using Two Working Enzyme Electrodes With Different Selectivity"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1997 Volume 349, Issue 1-3 Pages 179-188
Merid Tessemaa, Ted Larssonb, Torbjörn Buttlerc, Elisabeth Csöregic, Tautgirdas Ruzgasd, Magnus Nordlingb, Sten-Eric Lindquistb, Göran Petterssone and Lo Gortonc,*

Abstract: A selective dual enzyme electrode system for the monitoring of sugars in flow injection was developed. The working electrodes were based on cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) and oligosaccharide dehydrogenase (ODH) 'wired' with an osmium-based redox polymer on solid graphite electrodes. In each case the respective enzyme and poly(1-vinylimidazole) (PVI) in which every tenth mer is complexed with osmium (4,4'-dimethylbpy)2Cl, (denoted PVI10dmeOs) were crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). The two enzyme electrodes had distinct but different selectivities and sensitivities towards a number of investigated sugars. The CDH-modified electrodes responded, with relative activities, for cellobiose (100%), lactose (62.5%), maltose (1.2%), glucose (1%) and for higher cellodextrines (Glu3-6) while the ODH electrodes responded to all investigated sugars except D-fructose and the higher cellodextrins with relative activities for D-glucose (100%), cellobiose (60.4%), lactose (47.3%), maltose (40.6%), L-arabinose (26.1%), maltotriose (24.0%), D-galactose (21.9%), D-xylose (13.1%) and D-mannose (8.9%), 1 mM concentrations each. Linear calibration curves for cellobiose were obtained between 25 µM and 3 mM for the CDH- and ODH-modified electrodes with a sensitivity of 7.9 and 1.4 µA mM 1 cm-2, respectively. The dual electrode system was also used as an end column detector for detection of various sugars after their separation in a size-exclusion Chromatographic system.
Amperometry Electrode Selectivity

"Comparative Study Of Post-column Reactions For The Detection Of Saccharides In Liquid Chromatography"
Anal. Chem. 1985 Volume 57, Issue 1 Pages 224-229
Petr Vratny, U. A. T. Brinkman, and R. W. Frei

Abstract: When 4-aminobenzohydrazide(I) was used as a post-column derivatization reagent, in conjunction with a Ca(II)-loaded cation-exchange column and water as mobile phase, 0.01 µg of saccharides could be detected. By inclusion of a solid-phase catalytic reactor (Anal. Abstr., 1985, 47, 3C10) between the HPLC column and the derivatization reactor, the method could be adapted for the determination of non-reducing sugars. Comparative studies with other post-column derivatization reagents [disodium bicinchoninate, 2-cyanoacetamide, tetrazolium blue and K3Fe(CN)6] showed I to be a more sensitive reagent. Application of I is illustrated by the analysis of sugars in an extract of sugar-beet leaves.
Leaves HPLC Post-column derivatization

"Column Liquid Chromatographic Determination Of Saccharides With A Single Calibration Graph Using Post-column Enzyme Reactors And Coulometric Detection"
J. Chromatogr. A 1991 Volume 549, Issue 1 Pages 127-132
Nobutoshi Kiba, Kazuyoshi Shitara, Hiroshi Fuse, Motohisa Furusawa, and Yoshinori Takata

Abstract: Immobilized enzymes were used as column reactors in a column liquid chromatographic system for the specific detection of the saccharides stachyose, raffinose and sucrose. Invertase and fructose dehydrogenase (FDH) were immobilized onto poly(vinyl alcohol) beads and porous glass beads, respectively. The oligosaccharides were separated on a cation-exchange resin column with water as the mobile phase. Invertase was capable of quantitatively hydrolysing the oligosaccharides to fructose, which reacts with the hexacyanoferrate(III) ion in the presence of FDH. The hexacyanoferrate(II) ion produced was monitored coulometrically. A single calibration graph for fructose based on the peak area was used to determine each oligosaccharide. The limits of detection for stachyose, raffinose and sucrose were 27, 5 and 2 ng (in a 50 l sample), respectively.
Amperometry LC Coulometry Column Immobilized enzyme Post-column derivatization

"Determination Of Organic Acids, Amino Acids And Saccharides By High Performance Liquid Chromatography And A Post-column Enzyme Reactor With Amperometric Detection"
J. Chromatogr. A 1992 Volume 591, Issue 1-2 Pages 165-173
R. Mögele, B. Pabel and R. Galensa

Abstract: Organic acids, amino acids, and sugars are separated by HPLC and converted online by immobilized enzymes. The enzymes employed are covalently bound to a synthetic carrier. H2O2, which is produced in the reaction with oxidases, makes possible the application of an electrochemical detector. This arrangement combines the separation efficiency of HPLC, the substrate specificity of enzymes, and the high sensitivity of electrochemical detection. The enzymes act according to known reaction mechanisms, but coupling with HPLC leads to a promising extension in the field of biosensors. The simple pretreatment of the samples (often a dilution step is sufficient) allows a rapid anal. of foods and biological or clinical extracts. The examples presented demonstrate the very high sensitivity of the method with detection limits in the nano- to picomolar range, and a wide field of application.
Food HPLC Amperometry Sensor Post-column derivatization Immobilized enzyme Indirect

"Comparison Of Post-column Fluorescence Derivatization And Evaporative Light-scattering Detection To Analyse Saccharides Selectively By LC"
Chromatographia 1992 Volume 34, Issue 11-12 Pages 651-654
A. Coquet, J. -L. Veuthey and W. Haerdi

Abstract: Portions (10 µL) of 50 mM lactose, glucose or fructose were analyzed by LC on a column (30 cm x 6.5 mm) packed with an ion exchange resin (Ca2+ form) and operated at 70°C with water as mobile phase (0.4 mL min-1) and post-column reaction with 30 mM benzamidine and 1 M KOH at 100°C for fluorimetric detection at 470 nm (excitation at 360 nm). The method was not suitable for non-reducing sugars. Results were compared with those obtained by use of an evaporative light-scattering detection system. A broader range of linearity was observed with the former method (i.e., 16 µM to 5 mM) than with the latter (6.25 mM to 50 mM). The method was applied for the analysis of reducing sugars in beverages.
Beverage HPIC Fluorescence Post-column derivatization Heated reaction Method comparison

"Non-enzymic Electrochemical Analysis Of Saccharides"
Denki Kagaku 1991 Volume 59, Issue 2 Pages 114-114
Okawa, Yusuke

Abstract: A review is presented, with 7 references, on the determination of saccharides by HPLC and flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection.
HPLC Electrochemical analysis Review