University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Putrescine

  • IUPAC Name: butane-1,4-diamine
  • Molecular Formula: C4H12N2
  • CAS Registry Number: 110-60-1
  • InChI: InChI=1S/C4H12N2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h1-6H2
  • InChI Key: KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N

@ ChemSpider@ NIST@ PubChem

Citations 6

"Amperometric Flow Injection Method For Determination Of Biogenic Diamines And Hypoxanthine By Combined Use Of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors And A Peroxidase Electrode"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1992 Volume 261, Issue 1-2 Pages 161-165
Toshio Yao*, Masahiro Satomura and Tamotsu Wasa

Abstract: The sample solution (50 µL) was injected into a carrier solution (0.1 M pyrophosphate buffer of pH 8.7), then the flow was split between two reactors containing putrescine oxidase and xanthine oxidase, respectively, immobilized on controlled-pore glass. A delay coil was incorporated in the latter flow line so that two peaks would be obtained for each sample. The flows were reunited before introduction of a mediator solution [1.0 mM Fe(CN)64- in 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7.0] and flow-through a mixing coil to a cell equipped with a vitreous carbon electrode on which peroxidase had been cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for amperometric measurement of the H2O2 formed in the two enzymatic reactions. The first and second signals corresponded to total polyamines (cadaverine, spermine and putrescine) and to hypoxanthine, respectively. The calibration graphs were rectilinear from 1 to 500 µM and the detection limit was 0.5 µM for polyamines or for hypoxanthine. Both reactors maintained adequate activity during repetitive use for 40 days. The method was applied to a deproteinized aqueous extract of pork loin meat undergoing storage at 5°C. A flow injection system is proposed for the determination of meat freshness, based on the simultaneous determination of polyamines and hypoxanthine. A putrescine oxidase reactor and xanthine oxidase reactor were incorporated at fixed positions in a flow system, which was based on the splitting of the flow after sample injection and subsequent confluence before reaching the peroxidase electrode. Because each channel has a different residence time, two peaks were obtained. The first peak corresponded to the total polyamine concentration. (putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine); the second peak to hypoxanthine. The calibration graphs were linear in the range 1 x 10^-6-5 x 10^-4M. The detection limit was 0.5 x 10^-6 M for polyamines and hypoxanthine. The measurement of polyamines and hypoxanthine contents in porcine loin meat could be performed at a rate of 25 samples per h with satisfactory precision (<1.5% RSD).
Meat Amperometry Electrode Immobilized enzyme Controlled pore glass Sample splitting Dual detection

"Thin-film Polyamine Biosensor: Substrate Specificity And Application To Fish Freshness Determination"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1992 Volume 263, Issue 1-2 Pages 93-100
Gabriele C. Chemnitius, Masayasu Suzuki and Kimiyasu Isobe, Jun Kimura, Isao Karube, Rolf D. Schmid*

Abstract: Putrescine oxidase was immobilized on a planar H2O2 micro-electrode covered with a cellulose acetate layer. The electrode was maintained at +1.0 V vs. an Au counter electrode and immersed in a solution (30 ml) of 0.1 M H3BO3 - KCl - NaOH (pH 8.0) at 30°C. After addition of the analyte solution, the output current was measured. The 10% response time was ~40 s. The detection limit was 30 nM-putrescine, and the calibration graph was rectilinear up to 3 µM. The sensor was used for the determination of fish freshness by analysis of the extracts obtained in 10% trichloroacetic acid solution The sensor exhibited additive response towards other amines except aliphatic monoamines. A flow injection system incorporating the sensor is also described.
Marine Sensor Immobilized enzyme Interferences

"Amperometric Flow Injection Determination Of Putrescine And Putrescine Oxidase"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1998 Volume 363, Issue 1 Pages 57-65
Sayed A. M. Marzouk, Clarke X. Xu, Bogdan R. Cosofret, Richard P. Buck*, Saad S. M. Hassan, Michael R. Neuman and Robert H. Sprinkle

Abstract: Flow injection methods for sensitive, accurate and rapid determination of diamines, mainly putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD), and diamine oxidase (DAO) are described. Putrescine determination is based on an immobilized enzyme reactor (IER) loaded with putrescine oxidase and amperometric detection of the produced hydrogen peroxide at a platinum electrode. This assay was designed for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Putrescine oxidase (PUO) was assayed by simple injection of putrescine oxidase solution into a carrier buffer containing a fixed concentration. of putrescine followed by similar detection of hydrogen peroxide. In PUT measurements peak currents were linearly related to putrescine concentration. in the range from 10 µM to 1 mM with sample frequency of ~70 samples/h. No change in sensitivity and detection limit were observed after more than 1000 injections over a two week period. PUO was determined in the range of 50-2500 mU/mL, with sample frequency of ~40 samples/h. The lower detection limit of the present method (1.5 mU/mL) is suitable for determining the expected low levels of PUO in the amniotic fluid as a possible marker for premature rupture of membranes (PROM). The effects of flow rates, sample sizes, and substrate concentrations. in the detection limits and assay efficiencies are given in the present work. The efficacy of these assays for clinical diagnosis of the above-stated stated female reproductive tract disorders (bacterial vaginosis and amnion premature rupture) are discussed.
Amniotic Fluid Amperometry Electrode

"High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination Of Polyamines In Selected Vegetables With Post-column Fluorimetric Derivatization"
J. Chromatogr. A 1993 Volume 628, Issue 2 Pages 199-204
Hideaki Ohta, Yuko Takeda, Koh-Ichi Yoza and Yoichi Nogata

Abstract: A method is described for the HPLC analysis of the aliphatic polyamines agmatine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine in vegetables. Sample (1 g) was homogenised with 7 mL of 5% perchloric acid, cooled for 1 h at 0°C, and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed on a column (3.5 cm x 6 mm) of Polyaminepak (strong cation-exchange resin, 5 µm) with a mobile phase (0.65 mL min-1) of 1.0 M sodium citrate (pH 5.4) - acetonitrile (9:1). Post-column derivatization with phthalaldehyde (details given) and subsequent fluorescent detection was used.
Vegetable HPLC Fluorescence Post-column derivatization

"Evaluation Of Meat Spoilage Using A Chemiluminescence Flow Injection Analysis System Based On Immobilized Putrescine Oxidase And A Photodiode"
Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 1996 Volume 29, Issue 5-6 Pages 498-502
Yukio Yano, Kenji Yokoyama and Isao Karube

Abstract: A convenient and highly sensitive analytical system was constructed for the estimation of microbial spoilage in meat. Putrescine and cadaverine produced by bacteria were degraded by an immobilized putrescine oxidase column and the hydrogen peroxide generated was determined by luminol chemiluminescence. Peroxidase from Arythromyces ramosus was used as a catalyst to obtain high sensitivity and a photodiode was used as the detector to construct a conventional chemiluminescence-flow injection analysis system. The calibration curves were linear in the 100 pmol/mL-200 nmol/L range for putrescine and 200 pmol/mL-80 nmol/mL for cadaverine. The coefficients of variation were 2.87%-3.15% for putrescine solution and 3.34% for the specimen solution. This system was able to detect putrescine and cadaverine after the bacterial count reached 4.3 P 10(6) cells/g in meat and the response increased with the increase in bacterial count. The regression equation between putrescine and cadaverine levels as determined by HPLC and this system was y=1.015x-0.501, and the correlation coefficient was 0.911.
Meat Chemiluminescence Photodiode Immobilized enzyme

"Determination Of Polyamines By Flow Injection Analysis With A Chemiluminescence Detector Based On Their Complexation With Copper(II)"
Anal. Sci. 2006 Volume 22, Issue 5 Pages 763-767
Zheng-ping Li, Qiu-hua Wu, Chun Wang And Yu-qin Su

Abstract: Through the flow injection analysis experiments, we discovered that an unsaturated complex of Cu(II) and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, putrescine) had a strongly catalytic effect on luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, and that the CL intensity is proportional to the concentrations of polyamines. Based on the automatic formation of an unsaturated complex of polyamines and Cu(II) when the solution containing polyamines passed through a column packed with solid Cu(OH)2, a new flow injection chemiluminescence analysis method was proposed for the determination of polyamines. The effects of pH, buffer concentration, the concentration of chemiluminescence reagent, and the influence of mixing coil length were examined. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was from 1.0 x 10^-7 mol L-1 to 1.0 x 10^-5 mol L-1, and the detection limits were 0.17, 0.38, 0.44 pmol for spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, respectively. Compared with other methods, the advantages of this method include convenience, time-saving and low cost.
Chemiluminescence Optimization Catalysis