University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Platinum

  • IUPAC Name: platinum
  • Molecular Formula: Pt
  • CAS Registry Number: 7440-06-4
  • InChI: InChI=1S/Pt
  • InChI Key: BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N

@ ChemSpider@ NIST@ PubChem

Citations 26

"Online Preconcentration And Determination Of Trace Platinum By Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 Volume 296, Issue 2 Pages 205-211
A. Cantarero, M. M. Gómez, C. Cámara and M. A. Palacios*

Abstract: The analytical performance of a platinum pre-concentration method using a 0.01 M HNO3 carrier solution and an alumina microcolumn is discussed. Online pre-concentration is followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and off-line pre-concentration by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The pre-concentration factors were 600 for FAAS (256 µL elution volume), both with a 15 mL sampling volume. The detection limits in these conditions were 0.02 mg/litre, and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 9% (0.1 mg/litre solution, n = 5) for FAAS and 0.33 µg/litre, and a RSD of 7% (5 µg/litre solution, n = 5) for GFAAS. The proposed method is suitable for platinum determination in natural water samples.
Environmental Spectrophotometry Preconcentration Alumina

"Evaluation Of A Flow Injection System Combined With An Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer With Thermospray Nebulization For The Determination Of Trace Levels Of Platinum"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1996 Volume 320, Issue 1 Pages 1-10
M. Parent, H. Vanhoe, L. Moens and R. Dams*

Abstract: A method was developed for the determination of Pt by flow injection ICP-MS with thermospray nebulization (TN). Sample (100-500 µL) was injected into a carrier steam (0.8 ml/min) which was merged with two other streams (both at 0.8 ml/min) to allow for online sample dilution (or addition of internal standard) and online standardization. The TN was operated at 55 W with an aerosol temperature of 120°C, a carrier gas flow-rate of 830 ml/min and a sample uptake of 1.33 ml/min. Mass spectra were recorded over the range m/z 190-207 using 512 channels with a dwell time of 160 µs and a total acquisition time of 30 s. 195Pt was determined by partially integrating the transient signal. A detection limit of 8 ng/l (1.6 pg absolute) was achieved with a 200 µL injection volume. The use of pneumatic nebulization as an alternative to TN produced a detection limit of 25 ng/l (5.1 pg absolute). The RSD (n = 4) were similar (1.4-1.5%) for both nebulization techniques. The method was applied to the determination of Pt in mouse liver and corn leaves following acid digestion with HNO3/HClO4 and also in calcium phosphate powder. Ir or Tl was used as internal standard and three calibration techniques were compared, namely, external calibration, standard addition and isotope dilution.
Liver Leaves Mass spectrometry Sample preparation

"Determination Of Platinum And Palladium In Strongly Acid Solution By Means Of Flow Injection Analysis"
Talanta 1993 Volume 40, Issue 12 Pages 1975-1980
Klaus R Koch* and Derek Auer

Abstract: A solution of Pt(II) or Pt(IV) was prepared to contain 0.2% La(III) from the nitrate as an interference suppressant and 0.18 mL portions were injected into a carrier stream of 0.1 M SnCl2 in 1 M HCl (1.1 ml/min). The carrier stream passed through a 2 m reaction coil and the absorbance was measured at 460 nm. The calibration graph was linear for 10^-800 µg/ml of Pt. Within-day and between-day RSD (n = 20) were 0.6 and 1.1%, respectively, for 20 µg/ml. By measuring at 400 nm, the range was 1-200 µg/ml and, with separate carrier (1 M HCl) and reagent (0.3 M SnCl2) streams and measurement at 400 nm, the range was 0.1-2 µg/ml. With the same single-line manifold as above, Pd(II) was determined at 635 nm; the calibration graph was linear for 10^-200 µg/ml. Since the Pt(II) complex does not absorb at 635 nm, the analysis of mixtures was possible by measurements at 460 and 635 nm. Interference from transition metals was low, but Au(III) and other platinum group metals caused some interference. Multi-wavelength detection with a photodiode-array detector may overcome this problem.
Spectrophotometry Interferences

"Online Preconcentration And Separation Of Palladium, Platinum And Iridium Using α-aminopyridine Resin With Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry"
Talanta 1995 Volume 42, Issue 5 Pages 685-692
P. Di and D. E. Davey*

Abstract: A diagram is presented of the online pre-concentration flow injection system. It consists of two peristaltic pumps, a pneumatic valve with a glass microcolumn (10 x 3.5 mm i.d.) filled with α-aminopyridine which had been washed with 6 M HCl, water, 6 M NaOH and then water, and a flow injection control system linked to a computer. A program to control the online pre-concentration operation was 60 s for the pre-concentration and 20-30 s for the elution. The eluent was 0.5 M HCl, 0.5 M HClO4 and 0.5 M magnesium chlorate (6.4 ml/min). The metals were determined by AAS with an air-acetylene flame at 246.7, 266 and 208.9 nm for Pd, Pt and Ir, respectively. The method was applied to certified samples. Detection limits were 0.017, 0.009 and 0.11 µg/ml for Pt, Pd and Ir, respectively and corresponding RSD were 2.9, 1.3 and 3.8%, respectively.
Spectrophotometry Computer Preconcentration Reference material Solid phase reagent Resin

"Investigation Of Hafnium(III) Oxide Cation Interference In The Determination Of Platinum In A Catalytic Converter (cordierite) By Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"
Talanta 1997 Volume 44, Issue 2 Pages 221-230
M. Parent*, H. Vanhoe, L. Moens and R. Dams

Abstract: Two mathematical correction methods based on the HfO+:Hf+ ratio and prior separation of Hf using adsorption chromatography and isotope dilution were investigated for elimination of interference in the determination of Pt in cordierite by ICP-MS. Memory effects were also investigated. The operating conditions for the VG PlasmaQuad PQI instrument are tabulated. A flow injection valve was used for sample introduction in order to prevent clogging of the cone orifice. Samples were subjected to open-acid digestion or high-pressure asher digestion and were introduced using thermospray nebulization (Vanhoe et al., 1994, J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom., 9, 815) in order to lower the detection limits. Mathematical correction (details given) gave accurate results for Hf/Pt ratios of up to 50. Nearly quantitative removal of Hf was achieved on Amberlite XAD-4 resin (Lee et al., 1993, Anal. Chim. Acta, 272, 193) and use of isotope dilution enabled correction for Pt losses to be made; RSD were 10% using this method.
Cordierite Mass spectrometry Sample preparation Sample preparation Interferences Resin Amberlite

"Flow Injection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry For The Determination Of Platinum In Airborne Particulate Matter"
J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1990 Volume 5, Issue 1 Pages 75-80
Hitoshi Mukai, Yoshinari Ambe and Masatoshi Morita

Abstract: Standard solution of Pt in 0.6 M HCl and samples of particulate airborne matter (prep. described) were introduced into a flow injection system (described) incorporating a cation-exchange column (16 cm x 8 mm) of Dowex 50W-X8 (50 to 80 mesh) which was pre-washed with 3 M HCl and stabilized with 0.6 M HCl. This system was used online for trapping major matrix elements, which cause suppression of the Pt signal at m/e = 195, and Hf (which interferes spectrally) from 0.6 M HCl medium. The eluate from the column was introduced into the ICP-MS for the determination of Pt. The calibration graph was rectilinear up to 40 µg L-1 of Pt, and the coefficient of variation (n = 5) for 2 µg L-1 of Pt was ~5%. The detection limit was ~0.1 µg L-1 of Pt in solution or 5 ng g-1 in airborne particulate matter. The method was applied to the determination of Pt in samples such as vehicle exhaust particulates and roadside dust.
Exhaust Particulates Road Mass spectrometry Ion exchange Column Dowex Interferences Calibration Detection limit

"Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry For Direct Multielement Analysis Of Diluted Human Blood And Serum"
J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1997 Volume 12, Issue 9 Pages 1005-1009
EBBA BARANY, INGVAR A. BERGDAHL, ANDREJS SCHÜTZ, STAFFAN SKERFVING and AGNETA OSKARSSON

Abstract: A method for the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) multi-element analysis of diluted human blood and serum was used for the following elements: Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Rb, Mo, Ph, Pd, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, Pt, Hg, Tl and Pb. Sample pretreatment was a simple dilution (ten times for blood and five times for serum) with a solution containing 5 g L-1 of 25% ammonia, 0.5 g L-1 Triton X-100, and 0.5 g L-1 EDTA in Millipore water. In and Sc were used as internal standards. For sample introduction a flow injection type technique (based on time instead of volume) was used. The determinations mere carried out first in a peak-jumping mode for selected masses, and then in a scanning mode. Each determination of a preparation took 75 s. The results for reference samples agreed with recommended or certified values for Co, Cu, Zn, Rb, Cd, Tl and Pb in blood, and for Rb, Mo and Cd in serum. For Ni and Hg in blood, and Cu and Zn in serum, the results agreed with one of two reference samples. The detection limits for all these elements (except for Tl) were sufficient for analysis of samples from the general population. On the other hand, the results for Se in blood, and for Co, Ni, Se, Sn and Hg in serum did not agree with recommended or certified values. No reference samples are available for Ga, Mo, Ph, Pd, Sn, Sb, W, or Pt in blood, or for Ga, Ph, Pd, W, Pt, or Pb in serum. Generally, the limits of detection for the elements in the latter group (below 0.15 µg l-1) are close to or above the levels present in the general population.
Whole Human Serum Human Mass spectrometry Multielement Interferences Timed injection Reference material Triton X Surfactant

"Separation Of Trace Metal Complexes For Analysis Of Samples Of High Salt Content By Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"
Anal. Chem. 1989 Volume 61, Issue 2 Pages 149-153
Michael R. Plantz, James S. Fritz, Fred G. Smith, and R. S. Houk

Abstract: Solutions of trace metals (Au, Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pt, Tl, U and V) in aqueous media of high salt content were treated with bis(carboxymethyl)dithiocarbamate reagent (prep. described) and injected into the loading solvent (0.05 M formate buffer of pH 3.25) for application to a column of Amberlite XAD-4 resin. The adsorbed complexes were eluted with aqueous 0.1 M NH3 (pH 11) and the eluate was analyzed by ICP-MS on a Sciex Elan model 250 instrument fitted with a continuous-flow ultrasonic nebulizer. Detection limits in salt-rich aqueous solution ranged from 6 ng L-1 for Bi to 80 ng L-1 for Pt. The method has been used to determine Cr, Ni and Pt in urine, and trace metals in seawater.
Sea Urine Mass spectrometry Column Instrumentation Nebulizer Amberlite Preconcentration Complexation Buffer

"Determination Of Rhenium And Platinum In Natural Waters And Sediments, And Iridium In Sediments By Flow Injection Isotope Dilution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"
Anal. Chem. 1993 Volume 65, Issue 10 Pages 1419-1425
Debra C. Colodner, Edward A. Boyle, and John M. Edmond

Abstract: Methods have been developed to measure Re, Ir, and Pt in natural waters and sediments by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICPMS). The techniques have been applied to determination of the three elements in sediments, Pt in seawater, and Re in seawater, sediment pore waters, and river waters. In each ease, a stable isotope-enriched spike is added to the sample before processing. Sediments are dissolved in all-Teflon digestion vessels using a modified standard kitchen microwave oven. Anion exchange of the chloro complexes of Ir and Pt and of the perrhenate ion (ReO4-) is used to pre-concentrate the elements and to separate them from concomitants which produce molecular ions in the argon plasma resulting in isobaric interferences. Samples are then introduced into the ICPMS in a small volume (300-600 mL) using flow injection. Overall recoveries were 90 10 for all three elements, although the effects of variable recovery efficiency were minimized by the isotope dilution The method has detection limits (3 times background) of approximately 5 pg of Re, 6 pg of Ir, and 14 pg of Pt. Copyright 1993, American Chemical Society. Isotope dilution ICP-MS was used to determine Re, Ir and Pt in water and sediments by adding a stable-isotope enriched spike. The isotopes were pre-concentrated and separated from species which produce molecular ions in the Ar plasma by anion exchange of the chloro complexes of Ir and Pt and of the ReO ion (details given). Biorad AG1-X8 (100-200 mesh) resin was used (chloride form). Flow injection was used to introduce samples (300-600 µL). Platinum and Ir were eluted with 12 M HNO3 at 90-100°C and Re was eluted with 8 M HNO3 at room temperature Recoveries were 90 ± 10% and detection limits were 5 pg for Re, 6 pg for Ir and 14 pg for Pt. Interference in the analysis of sediments from the oxides of the rare-earth elements and Hf was reduced to 5% by anion exchange. The RSD were 5% for Pt at the 1-10 ng/g level, 20% for Ir at the 0.01-0.1 ng/g level and 15% for Re at the 0.01-0.1 ng/g level in sediments. In seawater, the RSD were 15% for Pt at the 60 pg/kg level and 2% for Re at the 8 pg/kg level.
Sea Water River Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry Sample preparation Interferences Resin Biorad

"Trace Enrichment And Measurement Of Platinum By Flow Injection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"
Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1996 Volume 354, Issue 4 Pages 420-423
M. M. Hidalgo, M. M. Gómez Contact Information and M. A. Palacios

Abstract: Solutions of PdCl4 in 0.01 M HNO3 of pH ~2.3 were pumped (3 ml/min) via a manifold through 0.025 g activated Al2O3 (63-200 µm) in a Teflon tube (7 cm x 1.5 mm i.d.). The concentrated Pd ions were eluted (1 ml/min) with 50 µL 2 M NH4OH and nebulized with Ar (32 psi) into an ICP operated at 1150 W r.f. forward power and 27.12 MHz. Cooling and auxiliary Ar flows were 14.41 l/min. MS measurements were made in the platinum-193 peak-jumping mode at 8.3 x 10^-5 mbar and dwell time 1000 ms. A nominal pre-concentration factor of 600 was achievable. Calibration graphs (ion intensity of net peak height) displayed good linearity for 0-250 ng/l Pt. The RSD (n = 5) for 100 ng/l Pt, with a 5 min sampling time was 4%. Detection limits were 4 ng/l and 2 ng/l with 5 and 10 min sampling times, respectively. The procedure was assessed for Pt(IV) in natural waters, motor car exhaust and common analytical reagents.
Environmental Environmental Mass spectrometry Preconcentration Activated alumina

"Determination Of Low Amounts Of Platinum In Environmental And Biological Materials Using Thermospray Nebulization Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry"
Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1996 Volume 354, Issue 5-6 Pages 664-667
M. Parent, H. Vanhoe, L. Moens and R. Dams

Abstract: Freeze-dried urine (SRM 2670), plant tissue, and soil or dust (0.1 g) were decomposed with HNO3, HNO3/HClO4 or HNO3/HClO4/HF, respectively. The solutions were heated with aqua regia then HNO3 was removed by evaporation. SnCl2 was added to convert the Pt(IV) to Pt(II). The resulting bis(carboxymethyl)dithiocarbamate complex of Pt(II) was adsorbed on to XAD-4 resin, then back-eluted with ethanol (idem, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1994, 43-45, 109). The ethanol was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in 0.5 mL 0.14 M HNO3 containing IR as internal standard. This procedure separated Pt from most matrix elements including Hf. Portions (0.1 ml) were introduced by flow injection into a thermospray nebulizer and the Pt was determined by ICP-MS. Recoveries were variable (from 62-102%) so isotope dilution was carried out with a 194Pt-enriched Pt sponge before the decomposition. The detection limit was 1 pg absolute. The results compared well with those obtained by other methods, e.g., electrothermal AAS or NAA and the certified value.
Urine Plant Environmental Environmental NIST 2670 Sample preparation Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometry Reference material Method comparison

"Selective Detection Of Metal Species In HPLC And FIA By Means Of Pulsed Amperometric Detection"
Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1996 Volume 356, Issue 3-4 Pages 242-246
Günther Weber

Abstract: Standard solutions of Sn(IV)/rutin or Pt(II)/glutathione complexes were prepared and analyzed by HPLC on a Spherisorb ODS II column (10 cm x 4.6 mm) with 0.1 M acetate buffer of pH 4.5/methanol (3:2) as mobile phase (1 ml/min) and triple-step pulsed amperometric detection at +800, +1000 and -500 and +250, +800 and -600 mV, respectively, for Sn(IV) and Pt(II). The optimum potentials, time intervals and time delays for each system were reported. Calibration graphs were linear up to 200 and 2000 ng/ml, respectively, for Sn(IV) and Pt and the corresponding detection limits were 8 and 20 ng/ml. The method was also applied for the analysis of fruit juice and grass extract.
Plant Fruit Environmental HPLC Amperometry Sample preparation Optimization

"Flow Injection Online Sorption Preconcentration Of Platinum In A Knotted Reactor Coupled With Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry"
Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1998 Volume 361, Issue 5 Pages 445-450
E. Ivanova and F. Adams

Abstract: A flow injection online sorption pre-concentration method for the electrothermal AAS determination of Pt was developed. The pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complexes of either Pt4+ or Pt2+, formed in 0.7 mol L-1 HNO3, are online adsorbed on the inner walls of a PTFE knotted reactor and subsequently eluted with MeOH. An enhancement factor of 112 and a detection limit (3s) of 10 ng L-1 along with a sampling frequency of 21 h-1 were achieved with a 90 s pre-concentration time at a sample flow rate of 8.8 mL min-1. The RSD is 2.5% for 0.4 µg L-1 Pt. The method was applied to the determination of Pt in blood samples.
Blood Spectrophotometry Preconcentration Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate Complexation Knotted reactor Tube wall immobilization

"Determination Of Selected Noble Metals By MPT-AES Using A Pneumatic Nebulizer"
Microchem. J. 1995 Volume 52, Issue 2 Pages 181-187
Liang F., Zhang D. I., Lei Y. H., Zhang H. Q. and Jin Q. H.

Abstract: The system used was similar to that described by Ye et al. (Anal. Chim. Acta., 1993, 9, 12). For continuous analysis, sample was pumped into a pneumatic nebulizer and carried in Ar via a heating condensation desolvation system and a concentrated H2SO4 desiccator to the microwave plasma torch. For FIA, sample was injected into a stream of water and carried to the nebulizer. The effect of various operating parameters and interfering ions on the AES emission intensity for Au, Ag, Pd, Pt and Rh (wavelengths used tabulated) were examined. A microwave forward power of 60 W and an observation height of 6-8 mm were optimal. Fe decreased the interference from Al. The calibration graphs for Au, Ag, Pd, Pt and Rh were linear over 4-5 orders of magnitude, the detection limits were 0.74, 5.1, 2.9, 8.9 and 7.6 ng/ml, respectively, for continuous-flow analysis and 3.7, 26, 12, 30 and 30 ng/ml, respectively, for FIA. The RSD were 0.81-4.7% for continuous-flow analysis and 1.8-3.8% for FIA (n = 11).
Spectrophotometry Interferences Nebulizer

"Online Multielement Preconcentration And Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination Of Transition Metals Using A Flow Injection Hydraulic High-pressure Nebulization-desolvation Sample Introduction System"
Microchem. J. 1998 Volume 58, Issue 3 Pages 245-250
Attila Gáspár, József Posta, Mihály Braun and Csilla Sógor

Abstract: A method was developed for simultaneous pre-concentration and online determination of 15 transition metals (Ag, Au, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, In, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Ti, Tl, V, Zn). A polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) loop as pre-concentration unit introduced by the authors earlier was used for the multielement flow injection (FI) pre-concentration of transition metal-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate complexes. The pre-concentrated complexes were eluted with iso-Bu Me ketone and introduced into the inductively coupled plasma with a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer (HHPN) and desolvation unit. The desolvation system, the use of which was necessary for aerosol of iso-Bu Me ketone eluant, was optimized. The enrichment factors of the 15 transition metals were 14-67 due to 2 min of pre-concentration time.
Spectrophotometry Preconcentration Polyetheretherketone Complexation MIBK Optimization Interface

"Diagnostic Potential Of Hair Analysis As Applied To The Goldsmith Sector"
Microchem. J. 1998 Volume 59, Issue 1 Pages 32-44
S. Caroli, O. Senofonte, N. Violante, S. D'Ilio, S. Caimi, F. Chiodo and A. Menditto

Abstract: Trace elements were determined in hair of individuals involved in goldsmith activities in Italy. Three major areas of prodn. were selected: Arezzo, Valenza, and Vicenza. In total, 95 (73 exposed individuals and 22 controls) of the personnel employed in factories located in these provinces were examined Hair samples were collected, washed, and digested as prescribed by well-established procedures. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was employed for the determination of Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cr, In, Ni, Pb, and Pt in the final solutions, whereas Hg was quantified by means of the flow injection mercury system. The expected high concentrations of Cu and Zn in the hair matrix, on the other hand, allowed the use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Certified Reference Material Human Hair (BCR CRM No. 397) was used throughout the study to check the accuracy of measurements. The geometric means obtained for exposed subjects were (µg/g) Ag, 1.293; Au, 1.445; Cd, 0.0369; Co, 0.017; Cr, 0.3270; Cu, 13.27; Hg, 1.510; In, 0.0016; Ni, 0.276; Pb, 0.662; Pt, 0.0036; and Zn, 172.3. For control subjects, on the other hand, the geometric means ascertained were (µg/g) Ag, 0.403; Au, 0.670; Cd, 0.0314; Co, 0.025; Cr, 0.2125; Cu, 11.08; Hg, 1.360; In, 0.0008; Ni, 0.467; Pb, 0.596; Pt, 0.0051; and Zn, 168.9. Statistical treatment of the data showed that the greatest difference between the values observed in exposed and unexposed subjects occurred for Ag, followed by Au, Cu, and In.
Hair BCS 397 Mass spectrometry Spectrophotometry Spectrophotometry FIMS Reference material

"Direct Spectrophotometric Determination Of Platinum By Microwave-oven Induced Flow Injection Analysis"
Anal. Lett. 1995 Volume 28, Issue 12 Pages 2227-2238
Li, G.B.;Xu, Y.J.;Chen, X.G.;Hu, Z.D.

Abstract: A microwave-oven induced flow injection analyzer. was developed (schematic given). Sample (200 µL) containing Pt(II) or (IV) was injected into a water carrier stream (2.05 ml/min) between two parts of reagent by a 16-way valve. The reagent used was 0.6 mM 5-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-2,4-diaminotoluene in acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer (400 µL). After the sample had flowed entirely (15 s) into the microwave oven in a reaction coil (9 m x 0.5 mm), the microwave oven was switched on. The microwave power (70-700 W) and the irradiation time (0-99 s to 0-99 min) was microprocessor controlled. After the reaction, the mixture was passed through a cooling coil to a spectrophotometer. The maximum absorption wavelength was 600 nm for the Pt(II) complex and 560 nm for the Pt(IV) complex. Beer's law was obeyed from 2-25 µg/ml of Pt(II) (ε = 7800) with a detection limit of 3 µg/ml. Equal concentration of Co2+, Pd2+, Ru3+, Rh3+ and Ir2+ interfered seriously. The method was used to determine Pt in industrial Pt catalysts on Al supports.
Platinum Spectrophotometry Heated reaction Microwave Computer Interferences

"Glucose Enzyme Electrode Preparation By The Codeposition Of Platinum And Glucose Oxidase Onto Glassy Carbon"
Electroanalysis 1989 Volume 1, Issue 3 Pages 223-227
Hari Gunasingham*, Chee-Beng Tan

Abstract: A glucose enzyme electrode was fabricated by the simultaneous electrodeposition of enxyme and platinum particles onto a glassy carbon substrate. The electrode combines the electrocatalytic activity of platinum and the stability of glassy carbon. The application of the electrode in flow-injection detection of glucose is shown. A wide linear range and good precision is possible.
Electrode Electrode Immobilized enzyme

"Determination Of Germanium, Palladium And Platinum In Highly Concentrated Solutions Of Phosphoric Acid And Ammonium Nitrate By Flow Injection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (FI ICP-MS)"
Spectrochim. Acta B 1991 Volume 46, Issue 6-7 Pages 1051-1061
Zicheng Peng, H. Klinkenberg, T. Beeren and W. Van Borm

Abstract: The elements in a solution containing 2.5 M H3PO4 and 1.5 M NH4NO3 were mixed with a standard addition solution of the elements and an internal standard of 103Rh. The mixture was merged with a carrier stream of 1% HNO3 and passed into the nebulizer. Two standard samples containing 10 and 20 ng mL-1 of the elements gave an average coefficient of variation (n = 5) of ~7%. The limits of detection were between 0.2 and 1.0 ng mL-1.
Inorganic compound Inorganic compound Mass spectrometry Nebulizer Internal standard

"Application Of Flow Injection Sample Introduction To Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry For Geochemical Analysis"
Chem. Geol. 1992 Volume 95, Issue 1-2 Pages 63-71
Andrew N. Eaton, Robert C. Hutton and J. Grenville Holland

Abstract: Geochemical analysis was carried out using ICP-MS with a flow injection sample introduction system. Sample throughput was increased by optimization of the uptake and washout cycles. Small sample volume, such as fluid inclusions extracted by the crush - leach technique, were analyzed using this technique. Flow injection sample introduction improved the matrix tolerance, allowing a dissolved solids content of 5 to 10% whereas conventional sample introduction allows only 0.2 to 2%. Matrix suppression effects produced by solution with high salt content were reduced by changing the dispersion of the flow injection system. Improved detection limits in the sub ng g-1 range are illustrated by the determination of Pt-group metals in a standard reference peridotite. The use of a flow injection (FI) sample introduction system with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is shown to have several advantages. Sample throughput may be increased by optimizing uptake and washout cycles. Small volume samples, such as fluid inclusions extd. by the crush-leach technique, may be analyzed. Dissolved solids contents can be increased from 0.2-2% w/v for conventional sample introduction, to 5-10% w/v for flow injection. Matrix suppression effects, produced by high salt content solutions, such as brines, may be reduced by changing the dispersion of the flow injection system. Finally, improved detection for FI-ICP-MS limits are illustrated by the determination of the platinum-group metals in standar reference peridotite PCC-1, where values in the range 0.03-0.3 mg g-1 were obtained.
Geological Sample preparation Mass spectrometry Optimization Reference material Interferences

"Determination Of Trace Platinum By Flow Injection Analysis - Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry And Catalytic Polarographic Hydrogen Wave"
Fenxi Huaxue 1990 Volume 18, Issue 1 Pages 20-24
Wei Guizhen Lu Zongpeng* Alan M.Bond

Abstract: Platinum solution (0.1 µg mL-1; 100 µL) is injected into the flow injection analyzer. and reacts in a stream (0.27 mL min-1) of 0.002% hydrazine sulfate - 0.36 M H2SO4 and 0.04% formaldehyde - 0.36 M H2SO4. Detection is by adsorptive stripping voltammetry at -0.3 V for 60 s and measurement of the catalytic hydrogen wave at -0.8 V. Recoveries were 93.7 to 100% with a coefficient of variation of 5%. The calibration graph was rectilinear for 10 pg to 1 ng of Pt. Twenty samples can be run per hour. The method was applied in the analysis of urine, fish meal, milk powder, ox liver, minerals and organoplatinum compounds.
Urine Powder Liver Geological Meal Voltammetry Polarography Catalysis Calibration

"Study On A Chemiluminescence System Of Luminol - Sodium Perchlorate - Potassium Iodide - Hydroxide Ions For Determination Of Platinum"
Huaxue Shiji 1991 Volume 13, Issue 1 Pages 50-52
Li Qingyi,and Liu Yingjin

Abstract: Platinum was determined by flow injection chemiluminescence with use of a reagent solution (comprising 8 mL of 1 M luminol solution in 0.1 M KOH, 20 mL of 1 mM KOH and water to 100 ml) and a test solution (containing 5 mL of KH phthalate - KOH buffer solution of pH 5.5, 2.5 mL of 0.2 M NaClO4, 1 mL of 50 mM KI, Pt(IV) solution and water to 25 ml). Under optimum conditions, the calibration graph was rectilinear from 0.04 to 2.4 and from 0.8 to 8.0 µg of Pt. The detection limit was 27 ng and the coefficient of variation (n = 9) was 1.9%. The effects of 28 common ions on the determination of Pt were investigated. The method was used to determine trace Pt(IV) in catalysts; recoveries were 99.2 to 100.6%.
Industrial Chemiluminescence Buffer Catalysis pH

"Online Sorption Preconcentration And FIA-FAAS Determination Of Palladium And Platinum In Solution"
Mendeleev Commun. 1998 Volume 8, Issue 5 Pages 171-173
Lubov' V. Bogacheva, Igor A. Kovalev, Grigory I. Tsysin, Andrei A. Formanovsky and Yurii A. Zolotov

Abstract: A flow injection flame atomic absorption method for Pd and Pt determination in solution, including sorption pre-concentration, was developed. Pre-concentration of Pt metals as ionic associates with n-octyldiethylenetriamine was carried out on 'reversed phase' styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer SSPS. Relative standard deviation 0.03-0.08, detection limits 5 and 3 µg L-1 (Pd and Pt) for 1 min of pre-concentration and sampling frequency up to 40 h-1 were achieved.
Spectrophotometry Preconcentration C18 Ion pair formation

"Advances In Analytical Methods Based On Atomic Absorption Spectrometry In The Geochemistry Laboratories Of The Geological Survey Of Canada"
Pap. Geol. Surv. Can. 1987 Volume 87, Issue 1a Pages 477-484
Hall, G E M; De Silva, K N; Pelchat, J C; Vaive, J E

Abstract: Three aspects are considered, viz, (i) development of a method to determine Tl, Ga and In by graphite-furnace AAS at or below their natural crustal abundance in rocks, (ii) determination of Ag, Au, Pd, Pt and Rh in biogeochemical samples and their ash at 2 to 10 ppb level, and (iii) more generally, the improvement of productivity and decrease of reagent consumption by the introduction of flow injection systems of sample preparation, introduction and manipulation.
Industrial Geological Spectrophotometry Reagent consumption Sample pretreatment

"Determination Of Platinum In Human Serum By Flow Injection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry"
Spectroscopy 1997 Volume 12, Issue 4 Pages 20-21
Cairns, W.R.L.;McLeod, C.W.;Hancock, B.

Abstract: Plasma was injected in to the carrier stream and analysis was performed with use of an HP4500 ICP-MS (Hewlett Packard, Palo, Alto, CA, USA) instrument operating with an r.f. power of 1.2 kW. Ar was used as plasma, auxiliary and carrier gas at flow rates of 16, 1 and 1.38 l/min, respectively. Ion intensities were displayed in real time using the transient signal mode of analysis at m/z 195 (dwell time 0.5s). The detection limit was >=14 ng/l of Pt in serum.
Serum Human Mass spectrometry

"Determination Of Precious Metals In Geological Samples By Continuous Powder Introduction Microwave Induced Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry After Preconcentration On Activated Carbon"
Anal. Chim. Acta 2005 Volume 540, Issue 1 Pages 197-205
K. Jankowski, A. Jackowska and P. Lukasiak

Abstract: A novel method was developed for analyzing geological materials for Au, Ag, Pd and Pt by continuous powder introduction microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (CPI-MIP-AES). The pre-concentration of the trace metals on activated carbon (AC) was performed before conducting MIP-AES measurements in order to obtain accurate and precise analytical results. The method proposed is based on the selective sorption of precious metals that are subsequently introduced to the plasma as a dry particulate aerosol consisted of analytes collected on the sorbent. The technical design and operating conditions of the novel sample introduction system based on the fluidized-bed concept has been optimized. The microwave excitation source with integrated rectangular cavity TE101 and vertically positioned plasma torch has been used. The signal stability proved to be adequate for sequential mode of measurements due to the vertical plasma configuration as well as the MIP-AES system compatibility with the CPI technique. Calibration was done using home-made standards obtained by sorption of metals of interest from standard solutions on activated carbon. Precision is typically 1-4% relative standard deviation at the 1 µg g-1 level. Under measurement conditions the detection limits for Ag, Au, Pd and Pt were 24, 43, 57 and 550 ng per 1 g of AC, respectively. The proposed procedure was used for Au, Ag, Pd and Pt determination in the platinum ore SARM-7 as well as Au and Ag in the Chinese soil GBW-07405 certified reference materials. The standard addition technique was used and recoveries revealed that the proposed method shows good accuracy and precision.
NRC GBW 07405 MINTEK SARM-7 Spectrophotometry Activated carbon Reference material