University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Luminol

  • IUPAC Name: 5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione
  • Molecular Formula: C8H7N3O2
  • CAS Registry Number: 521-31-3
  • InChI: InChI=1S/C8H7N3O2/c9-5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(13)11-10-7(4)12/h1-3H,9H2,(H,10,12)(H,11,13)
  • InChI Key: HWYHZTIRURJOHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

@ ChemSpider@ NIST@ PubChem

Citations 6

"Immobilized And Solid-state Reagent Systems For Luminol Chemiluminescence In Flow Systems"
Microchim. Acta 1988 Volume 96, Issue 1-6 Pages 239-247
Timothy A. Nieman

Abstract: The construction of flow systems for analyzes based on luminol chemiluminescence was considered, with regard to provision of reagents in immobilized or solid-state form. Thus, luminol could be bound covalently or adsorbed to the surface of support particles and packed into a reactor tube or detector cell, and the catalyst (e.g. enzyme) could be similarly bound to a support or incorporated into the positively biased electrode of an electrochemical cell. Peroxide could be obtained electrochemically at a negatively biased electrode. A suitable combination of immobilized reagents and electrochemical detection enabled the determination of H2O2 in the range 0.5 to 100 µM or luminol in the range 0.1 nM to 10 µM.
Chemiluminescence Electrode Immobilized reagent Electrochemical reagent generation Reactor

"Electrochemiluminescence Of Luminol For 2,4-D Optical Immunosensing In A Flow Injection Analysis System"
Sens. Actuat. B 1998 Volume 51, Issue 1-3 Pages 100-106
Christophe A. Marquette and Loïc J. Blum*

Abstract: Luminol-labeled antibodies have been prepared using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent and used in a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) competitive electrochemiluminescent immunosensor. 2,4-D was covalently immobilized at a glassy C electrode surface, via a C6 spacer arm, by a novel procedure giving stable immobilized antigens that could be then stored dry, used, and regenerated 50 times without loss of binding capacity. The luminol electrochemiluminescence detection was performed in a flow injection analysis system. The optimum conditions were an oxidation potential of +500 mV vs. a Pt pseudo-ref. electrode, in the presence of 600 µM H2O2. In these conditions, luminol could be detected in the range 5.5 fmol - 55 nmol. Luminol-labeled anti-2,4-D antibodies or peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies were tested for the 2,4-D immunodetection. With both the corresponding electrochemiluminescent and chemiluminescent immunoassays it was possible to detect 0.2 µg free 2,4-D/L. The overall time of experiment was 50 min and a linear range of 0.2 µg/L - 200 mg/L was obtained with the peroxidase format, whereas the range was 0.2-200 µg/L with the luminol format.
Chemiluminescence Sensor Electrode Electrode Apparatus Detector Optimization

"Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Detector For Flow Injection Analysis"
Anal. Sci. 1986 Volume 2, Issue 6 Pages 529-533
M. SATO and T. YAMADA

Abstract: A flow-through electrolytic cell was modified to allow measurement of electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). The quartz optical window was set in front of the platinum plate working electrode. The observed luminescence intensity was amplified by using a lock-in amplification technique. The system was tested by using luminol, which exhibits strong ECL. Samples injected into a carrier solution of 0.1 M Na2CO3 gave luminescence peaks. Non-luminescent compounds could be detected by pre-labelling with luminol. The technique was applied to oligopeptides and bovine serum albumin. The method has the advantage of determining luminescence intensity and electrolytic current simultaneously.
Cow Serum Chemiluminescence Electrode Detector

"Chemiluminescence Detection In Flowing Streams-immobilized And Solid-state Reagents"
J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 1988 Volume 93, Issue 3 Pages 501-502
Timothy A. Nieman

Abstract: A brief description is given of the theory of chemiluminescence reactions for detection in flowing streams, e.g., in flow injection analysis or LC. The commonly used luminol reaction is discussed as an example.
Chemiluminescence HPLC Review Immobilized reagent Catalysis

"Flow-Type Chemiluminescence Detection Cell Using An Optical Fiber For Capillary Electrophoresis"
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1999 Volume 72, Issue 12 Pages 2673-2679
Masahiko Hashimoto, Takeshi Nakamura, Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi, Riichiro Nakajima and Kazuo Kondo

Abstract: A flow-type chemiluminescence detection cell using optical fiber was designed for capillary electrophoresis. The capillary was set up straight to the optical fiber with a certain distance in a Teflon® tube. Hydrogen peroxide was delivered through a three-way joint by a syringe pump and mixed with analytes at the capillary outlet. Luminol chemiluminescence was adapted for use with this detection cell. Analytical conditions, such as hydrogen peroxide flow rate, distance between the capillary and the fiber, and the reagent concentrations, were examined in detail with the cell. The present flow-type system provided a CL signal with high sensitivity, resolution, and reproducibility. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for luminol was 7.6 x 10^-9 M (28 amol; 3.7 nl injected) with theoretical plate numbers of 130000-160000 and a relative standard deviation of 3.3% for the peak height (n = 10). A mixture sample of glycine, glycylglycine, and glycylglycylglycine, which were labeled with isoluminol isothiocyanate (2,3-dihydro-6-isothiocyanato-1,4-phthalazinedione), was also subjected to the present system. They were sensitively detected and represented with high resolution.
Chemiluminescence Electrophoresis Flowcell Optical fiber Instrumentation

"Modulated Potential Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Of Luminol And Ru(bpy)32+"
Microchim. Acta 1994 Volume 113, Issue 3-6 Pages 339-347
Glenn P. Jirka and Timothy A. Nieman

Abstract: Chemiluminescence emission intensity is modulated by modulating the potential of a working electrode which is used to generate a key species in the electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction. The emission is monitored synchronously using a lock-in amplifier. The reactions used in the characterization are luminol with hydrogen peroxide and tris(2,2prime-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) (or Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ) with oxalate. Modulation widths of ± 50 mV yield maximum signals for luminol when centered at 0.45 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and for Ru(bpy) 3 2+ when centered at 1.05 V. The resulting signal decreases with increasing modulation frequency and shows that luminol/H2O2 is a faster ECL system than Ru(bpy) 3 2+/oxalate. Working curves for luminol and for oxalate have essentially the same linear range and slope with the modulated potential approach as with a DC electrode potential. This approach provides capability for differentiating the analytical signal from constant background emission or stray light.
Chemiluminescence Optimization