Abstract: Langmuir and Langmuir - Blodgett films of three new rare earth heteropoly compounds with long chain alkyl groups DODA/Ln (PW11)(2)(Ln = La, Sm, Eu) were prepared and characterized by pi - A isotherm, FT - IR spectra, UV - vis absorption spectra, low - angle X - ray diffraction (LAXD), fluorescence spectra and surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS). The results show that they have good films - forming property on air/water interface. The molecular areas for these monolayers at zero pressure are estimated to be 0.45 similar to 0.50 nm(2). LB films have the good interlayer order, rare earth heteropoly anions are sandwiched between long-chain alkyl groups as an inorganic layer. DODA/Ln (PW11)(2) LB fims have characteristic fluorescene cemission spectrum of Sm and Eu, surface photovoltage spectroscopy has stronger photoelectric response.

Abstract: Mass spectrometric methods for the trace analysis of inorganic materials with their ability to provide a very sensitive multielemental analysis have been established for the determination of trace and ultratrace elements in high-purity materials (metals, semiconductors and insulators), in different technical samples (e.g. alloys, pure chemicals, ceramics, thin films, ion-implanted semiconductors), in environmental samples (waters, soils, biological and medical materials) and geological samples. Whereas such techniques as spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS), laser ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have multielemental capability, other methods such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) have been used for sensitive mono- or oligoelemental ultratrace analysis (and precise determination of isotopic ratios) in solid samples. The limits of detection for chemical elements using these mass spectrometric techniques are in the low ng g-1 concentration range. The quantification of the analytical results of mass spectrometric methods is sometimes difficult due to a lack of matrix-fitted multielement standard reference materials (SRMs) for many solid samples. Therefore, owing to the simple quantification procedure of the aqueous solution, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is being increasingly used for the characterization of solid samples after sample dissolution. ICP-MS is often combined with special sample introduction equipment (e.g. flow injection, hydride generation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or electrothermal vaporization) or an off-line matrix separation and enrichment of trace impurities (especially for characterization of high-purity materials and environmental samples) is used in order to improve the detection limits of trace elements. Furthermore, the determination of chemical elements in the trace and ultratrace concentration range is often difficult and can be disturbed through mass interferences of analyte ions by molecular ions at the same nominal mass. By applying double-focusing sector field mass spectrometry at the required mass resolution-by the mass spectrometric separation of molecular ions from the analyte ions-it is often possible to overcome these interference problems. Commercial instrumental equipment, the capability (detection limits, accuracy, precision) and the analytical application fields of mass spectrometric methods for the determination of trace and ultratrace elements and for surface analysis are discussed.

Abstract: The use of flow injection as a method of transporting a discrete liquid sample through a liquid carrier stream to a detector, is discussed with respect to chemiluminescence reactions and process analysis. Examples are given of analytical applications and instrumentation. The technique shows potential when coupled with HPLC, for trace analysis of organic and inorganic species in a variety of sample matrices.

Abstract: A review is presented in which over 110 applications of FIA to the determination of anions, cations, inorganic molecules, organic compounds and mixtures in water samples are tabulated. A brief consideration of the historical development of the technique is followed by discussion of the various components in an FIA system, e.g., the transport system and pumps, injection valves and detection methods. (39 references).