University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

  • IUPAC Name: 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
  • Molecular Formula: C8H6Cl2O3
  • CAS Registry Number: 94-75-7
  • InChI: InChI=1S/C8H6Cl2O3/c9-5-1-2-7(6(10)3-5)13-4-8(11)12/h1-3H,4H2,(H,11,12)
  • InChI Key: OVSKIKFHRZPJSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

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Citations 5

"Zeptomole-detecting Biosensor For Alkaline Phosphatase In An Electrochemical Immunoassay For 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid"
Anal. Chem. 1996 Volume 68, Issue 15 Pages 2453-2458
Christian G. Bauer, Arkadi V. Eremenko, Eva Ehrentreich-Förster, Frank F. Bier, Alexander Makower, H. Brian Halsall, William R. Heineman, and Frieder W. Scheller

Abstract: A bienzyme-substrate recycling biosensor was fabricated, based on a Clark-type electrode covered by a membrane with co-entrapped tyrosinase and quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase, and was operated in a FIA system for the measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The O2 consumption of the enzyme couple was monitored as a decrease in current. The kinetic parameters of enzymatic dephosphorylation of phenyl phosphate to phenol were measured. The sensor response to phenol, the stability of the substrate phenyl phosphate and the stability of the sensor response were examined. The detection limit was 3.2fM-ALP (320 zmol/100 µL) after a 57.5 min incubation. The sensor was applied to the rapid ELISA determination of the herbicide 2,4-D using ALP as tracer and a 2 min incubation time. It could detect 0.1 µg/l 2,4-D. The results agreed with those obtained by a photometric method which required overnight incubation.
Sensor Electrode Immunoassay Kinetic Method comparison

"Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Biosensor As A Direct Affinity Sensor"
Anal. Lett. 1994 Volume 27, Issue 8 Pages 1475-1487
Minunni, M.;Skladal, P.;Mascini, M.

Abstract: AT-cut piezoelectric quartz crystals with a basic resonant frequency of 10 MHz were fixed inside a flow-through thin-layer cell (30 µL) with one electrode in contact with the flowing liquid (70 µL/min); the crystal electrodes were connected to the detector (PZ 106; Universal Sensors, New Orleans, LA, USA). Adsorption of human IgG onto the Au electrode of the crystal was investigated. Measurements were performed in the continuous-flow mode using electrodes that had been treated sequentially with 1.2N-NaOH (20 min), water, 1.2N-HCl (5 min), concentrated HCl (2 min), then washed and dried in air. A graph of resonant frequency shifts for protein concentrations of 1 µg/ml to 10 mg/ml is shown; the analysis time was 5 h. The binding of mAb to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) immobilized onto the electrodes was also studied. The 2,4-D was activated with tributylamine and isobutylchloroformiate in dioxane, and immobilized with BSA onto γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-treated electrodes using glutaraldehyde (details given). The affinity reacton occurred in 10 min. A similar method was applied to determine 2,4-D in tap water.
Biological Water Electrode Sensor

"Amperometric Immunosensor For The Detection Of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) In Water"
Anal. Lett. 1997 Volume 30, Issue 3 Pages 515-525
M. Wilmer; D. Trau; R. Renneberg; F. Spener

Abstract: An amperometric immunosensor for the determination of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water has been developed using sequential injection analysis techniques. The system is based on a rapid competitive enzyme immunoassay employing an alkaline phosphatase-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against the herbicide and an immunoreactor with 2,4-D immobilized via bovine serum albumin either to Eupergit in a column or directly to the surface of a glass capillary. The detection limit of the immunosensor at 0.1 µg 2,4-D/L without enrichment of the analyte makes automatic measurements of 2,4-D in drinking and groundwater feasible.
Water Ground Amperometry Sequential injection

"Electrochemiluminescence Of Luminol For 2,4-D Optical Immunosensing In A Flow Injection Analysis System"
Sens. Actuat. B 1998 Volume 51, Issue 1-3 Pages 100-106
Christophe A. Marquette and Loïc J. Blum*

Abstract: Luminol-labeled antibodies have been prepared using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent and used in a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) competitive electrochemiluminescent immunosensor. 2,4-D was covalently immobilized at a glassy C electrode surface, via a C6 spacer arm, by a novel procedure giving stable immobilized antigens that could be then stored dry, used, and regenerated 50 times without loss of binding capacity. The luminol electrochemiluminescence detection was performed in a flow injection analysis system. The optimum conditions were an oxidation potential of +500 mV vs. a Pt pseudo-ref. electrode, in the presence of 600 µM H2O2. In these conditions, luminol could be detected in the range 5.5 fmol - 55 nmol. Luminol-labeled anti-2,4-D antibodies or peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies were tested for the 2,4-D immunodetection. With both the corresponding electrochemiluminescent and chemiluminescent immunoassays it was possible to detect 0.2 µg free 2,4-D/L. The overall time of experiment was 50 min and a linear range of 0.2 µg/L - 200 mg/L was obtained with the peroxidase format, whereas the range was 0.2-200 µg/L with the luminol format.
Chemiluminescence Sensor Electrode Electrode Apparatus Detector Optimization

"Development Of An Amperometric Flow Injection Immunoanalysis System For The Determination Of The Herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid In Water"
Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997 Volume 12, Issue 6 Pages 499-510
Dieter Trau, Thomas Theuerl, Marianne Wilmer, Markus Meusel*, and Friedrich Spener

Abstract: An amperometric flow injection immunoanalysis (FIIA) system based on an immunoreactor with immobilized biocomponents on a silica surface has been developed for the determination of the herbicide 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the antigen coating mode the hapten was immobilized and monoclonal primary antibody against 2,4-D together with alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labelled secondary antibody were used as sensing elements in a titration assay. In the antibody coating mode a biotinylated monoclonal antibody was immobilized on the surface of the immunoreactor and a 2,4-D-AP-conjugate was used for detection. For electrochemical measurements p-aminophenol enzymatically generated from p-aminophenyl phosphate was oxidized at a carbon working electrode at +150 mV versus Ag/AgCl. The system enabled the determination of 2,4-D in drinking water samples in the range from 0.2 to 70 µg/l. The whole system was computer controlled with a measuring time of 12 min for one determination.
Water Immunoassay Amperometry Electrode Electrode Titrations Computer