University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Acetate ion

  • IUPAC Name: acetate
  • Molecular Formula: C2H3O2-
  • CAS Registry Number: 64-19-7
  • InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4)/p-1
  • InChI Key: QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M

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Citations 9

"New Ways Of Enzymatic Two-substrate Determinations In Flow Injection Systems"
Anal. Chim. Acta 2000 Volume 421, Issue 1 Pages 7-18
Thomas Matthias Becker and Hanns-Ludwig Schmidt

Abstract: This contribution presents two new conceptional strategies for the simultaneous determination of two substrates in flow injection systems. In most biotechnological processes, the substrate consumed as well as the product produced are of special interest for supervision and control. In most cases, substrate and product are interrelated via a redox reaction chain or the law of mass action, respectively. Their enzymatic analysis using dehydrogenases needs often in most cases the use of the cosubstrate in opposite redox states (NAD(+) or NADH). The consequence in a simultaneous two-substrate analysis is a more complex experimental setup. This paper describes two principal new concepts, using only one cosubstrate solution and in situ generation of the cosubstrate in the opposite redox state or a procedure using equilibrium constants, respectively. So opposite configuration requirements, or two substrates which are interrelated as substrate and product of the enzymatic analysis can be determined simultaneously, keeping the analysis system minimised. The determination of ethanol/acetate and the analysis of glucose/fructose serve as models for the proposed methods. A comparison of the results with established standard analysis kits is given.
Fermentation broth Sensor Process control Method comparison Enzyme Simultaneous analysis Multicomponent

"Online Monitoring And Control Of Fermentation Processes By Flow Injection Analysis"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1991 Volume 249, Issue 1 Pages 101-111
Lawrence W. Forman, Benjamin D. Thomas and Fredric S. Jacobson

Abstract: An online tangential-flow filtration device is described (with photographs) for particle-free sampling of fermentation media. The device contains a Durapore 0.2 µm membrane filter disc sandwiched between two stainless-steel plates. The plates have grooves in them which form process flow and filtrate channels. The device was applied in conjunction with flow injection systems for online determination of acetate (I) and phosphate (II) in fermentation media. The I system involved the use of a CO2 stripper and a gas diffusion module and detection of I at 500 nm with phenol red as indicator. The II system involved the reaction of II with molybdic and ascorbic acids and detection at 800 nm. Calibration graphs were rectilinear up to 80 mM I and from 0 to 1 and 1 to 20 mM II. Online flow injection determination of I gave results slightly higher than those obtained by ion chromatography due to the presence of formate. The online flow injection method for II was preferred over an ion-chromatographic method.
Fermentation broth Spectrophotometry Filtration Gas diffusion

"Monitoring And Control Of Recombinant Protein Production"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 Volume 279, Issue 1 Pages 3-16
Karl Schügerl*, Lutz Brandes, Xiaoan Wu, Jens Bode, Jong Il Ree, Jens Brandt and Bernd Hitzmann

Abstract: Fermentation liquors for endonuclease production were tested for cell concentration, total cell count, cell viability and the number of colony-forming units by established methods. The plasmid copy number and stability and the product concentration. were determined by gel electrophoresis. The concentration. of the substrate, glucose and the metabolites pyruvate, succinate, lactate, glycerol, acetate, methanol and ethanol were determined online or offline by HPLC on an IONpak column (25 cm x 8 mm) at 60°C, with a mobile phase of 0.9 mM H2SO4 and a refractive index detector. Sugar components were also analyzed on a Nucleosil 100-5 NH2 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm) at 28°C, with a mobile phase (1 ml/min) of acetonitrile-phosphate buffer (31:9), containing 4 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. The analysis was also performed by FIA in combination with enzyme cartridges. Examples of the monitoring of a 60 l batch process are illustrated.
Fermentation broth Immobilized enzyme

"An Online Flow Injection Analysis System For The Determination Of Acetate"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1995 Volume 316, Issue 1 Pages 117-120
Markus Tservistas, Beate Weigel and Karl Schügerl*

Abstract: A flow injection system for the determination of acetate is described. The method is based on the oxidation of sarcosine by immobilized sarcosine oxidase. This enzymatic reaction is competitively inhibited by acetate and the extent of the inhibition serves to calculate the acetate concentration. The effect of pH, temperature and sarcosine concentration are investigated and discussed. As an example of application, a fermentation process of E. coli was monitored with the developed system. (6 references)
Immobilized enzyme Indirect Optimization pH Temperature

"Polypyrrole Electrode As A Detector For Electroinactive Anions By Flow Injection Analysis"
Anal. Chem. 1986 Volume 58, Issue 8 Pages 1803-1806
Yoshihito Ikariyama and William R. Heineman

Abstract: Pyrrole was electro-polymerized in situ at, and coated on to, a platinum electrode by oxidation at 0.95 V vs. a silver - AgCl electrode. The polypyrrole electrode was used for the detection of CO32-, PO43- and acetate ions in flow injection analysis; the doping potential was +0.9 V vs. the silver - AgCl electrode. The electrode was 'undoped' at -0.3 V after each run; 0.1 M glycine buffer was used as the carrier stream. The detection limit was ~10 µM for anions. Response was rectilinear for the ranges 10 µM to 1 mM PO43- and 0.1 to 4 mM acetate. The electrode was stable for 2 weeks
Electrode Electrode Voltammetry

"Simultaneous Mixture Analysis Using A Dynamic Microbial Sensor Combined With Chemometrics"
Anal. Chem. 1996 Volume 68, Issue 21 Pages 3845-3850
Michael Slama, Christiane Zaborosch, Dietrich Wienke, and Friedrich Spener

Abstract: A biosensor consisting of Alcaligenes eutrophus micro-organisms immobilized on to a Clark-type O2 sensor was used in a FIA system for the analysis of binary mixture of gluconate/acetate and L-serine/L-threonine. The determination was based on the increased respiratory activity of the microbial cells in the presence of the analytes. The biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing the microbial cells within a polyurethane hydrogel and sandwiching this material between an inner polyethylene membrane and an outer capillary pore membrane (0.6 µm pore diameter; 10 µm thick) attached to the O2 electrode. The FIA system was operated with an alternating flow (100 ml/h) of 50 mM Tris-hydrochloride buffer of pH 7.2 and the sample in the same buffer. The O2 electrode vs. Pt cathode and Ag/AgCl reference electrode was polarized at -800 mV. Transient signals for the analyte mixtures were obtained by allowing the sample streams to flow for 25 or 30 s. The experimental data was analyzed by partial least squares using the software package ICB-PLS. The system was calibrated using a standard containing up to 40 mg/l gluconate/10 mg/l acetate and 10 mg/l L-serine/15 mg/l L-threonine. The root mean square errors of prediction for gluconate, acetate, L-serine and L-threonine were 1.67, 0.51, 0.85 and 1.31 mg/l, respectively.
Sensor Chemometrics Partial least squares

"A Bioelectrochemical Method For The Determination Of Acetate With Immobilized Acetate Kinase"
Anal. Lett. 1997 Volume 30, Issue 14 Pages 2469-2483
Xiao-Jing Tang; Gillis Johansson

Abstract: sample solution containing acetate was injected into a flow (0.1 ml/min) of water, which merged with a flow (0.1 ml/min) of 0.1 M imidazole buffer of pH 7.6 containing 0.1 M KNO3, 0.015 M magnesium nitrate, 6 mM ATP, 2 mM phosphoenolpyruvate and 0.25 mM NADH and then passed through an enzyme reactor containing acetate kinase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The stream then merged with a flow (0.1 ml/min) of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer of pH 4.5 and passed through a flow cell equipped with a Meldola Blue-modified graphite working electrode, a Pt auxiliary electrode and a SCE reference electrode for amperometric detection at an applied voltage of 0 V. The calibration graph was linear from 0.3-2 mM acetate, the detection limit was 0.2 mM acetate and the RSD was 3.4%. The method was suited to the determination of acetate in fermentation liquors where acetate is the carbon source.
Fermentation broth Electrochemical analysis Immobilized enzyme

"High Performance Liquid Chromatography Of Organic Acids With Potentiometric Detection Using A Metallic Copper Electrode"
J. Chromatogr. A 1984 Volume 315, Issue 1 Pages 261-270
P. R. Haddad, P. W. Alexander, and M. Trojanowicz

Abstract: The use of a metallic copper wire electrode for potentiometric detection of organic acid anions in ion-exchange chromatography is described. These anions were detected by changes in electrode potential resulting from complexation of copper(I) or copper(II) ions at the electrode surface. The direction of this potential change, and hence the direction of the peak produced, was found to depend on the relative strengths of copper complexation between the injected ligand and the eluent ligand. Calibration relationships between the electrode potential and the amount of injected solute were studied and were observed to depend on the type of solute and the amounts injected. Several separations obtained using the copper wire electrode detector are presented as examples. Included are separations of glycinate, glutamate, and oxalate, and of acetate, lactate, formate, succinate, and benzoate.
Electrode HPIC Electrode Potentiometry

"Flow Injection Analysis Of Carbonate, Sulfite And Acetate In Food"
Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch. 1996 Volume 92, Issue 10 Pages 323-328
SHI R. ; STEIN K. ; SCHWEDT G.

Abstract: For carbonate, drinking water was analyzed directly, mineral water was ultrasonically degassed, and orange drink was ultrasonically degassed and diluted with water (1:2). Sulfite in white wine was determined directly. For acetate, pickled gherkins and pepperoni were extracted with water. Solutions were injected into a water carrier, the stream was mixed with 5 mM H3PO4 to release the acidic gas or vapor, and this diffused into bromocresol violet/bromothymol blue/cresol red/KCl indicator in carbonate buffer (pH 8.3) for photometric detection at 430 nm or into dilute NaOH of pH 9.5 for potentiometric detection, or into iodine/KI/starch solution of pH 9.5 for photometric detection of sulfite at 620 nm. Alternatively, for acetate, the sample solution was adjusted to pH 8.4 with NaOH and injected into FeCl3 for photometric determination of the Fe-acetate complex at 405 nm. Conditions were optimized (details given), and means of overcoming interference are given. The iodimetric method was preferred for sulfite. Results agreed well with those of standard methods.
Food Water Soft drink Wine Mineral Spectrophotometry Potentiometry Interferences Standard method Method comparison Optimization